American statesman and pamphleteer, born in Talbot county, MD, on the 8th of November 1732. He removed with his father to Kent county, DE, in 1740, studied under private tutors, read law, and in 1753 entered the Middle Temple, London. Returning to America in 1757, he began the practice of law in Philadelphia, was speaker of the Delaware assembly in 1760, and was a member of the Pennsylvania assembly in 17621765 and again in 17701776. 1 He represented Pennsylvania in the Stamp Act Congress (1765) and in the Continental Congress from 1774 to 1776, when he was defeated owing to his opposition to the Declaration of Independence. He then retired to Delaware, served for a time as private and later as brigader-general in the state militia, and was again a member of the Continental Congress (from Delaware) in 17791780. He was president of the executive council, or chief executive officer, of Delaware in 17811782, and of Pennsylvania in 17821785, and was a delegate from Delaware to the Annapolis convention of 1786 and the Federal Constitutional convention of 1787. Dickinson has aptly been called the Penman of the Revolution. No other writer of the day presented arguments so numerous, so timely and so popular. He drafted the Declaration of Rights of the Stamp Act Congress, the Petition to the King and the Address to the Inhabitants of Quebec of the Congress of 1774, and the second Petition to the King 2 and the Articles of Confederation of the second Congress. Most influential of all, however, were The Letters of a Farmer in Pennsylvania, written in 17671768 in condemnation of the Townshend Acts of 1767, in which he rejected speculative natural rights theories and appealed to the common sense of the people through simple legal arguments. By opposing the Declaration of Independence, he lost his popularity and was never able entirely to regain it. As the representative of a small state, he championed the principle of state equality in the constitutional convention, but was one of the first to advocate the compromise, which was finally adopted, providing for equal representation, in one house and proportional representation in the other. He was probably influenced by Delaware prejudice against Pennsylvania when he drafted the clause which forbids the creation of a new state by the junction of two or more states or parts of states without the consent of the states concerned as well as of congress. After the adjournment of the convention he defended its work in a series of letters signed Fabius, which will bear comparison with the best of the Federalist productions. It was largely through his influence that Delaware and Pennsylvania were the first two states to ratify the Constitution. Dickinsons interests were not exclusively political. He helped to found Dickinson College (named in his honour) at Carlisle, PA, in 1783, was the first president of its board of trustees, and was for many years its chief benefactor. He died on the 14th of February 1808 and was buried in the Friends burial ground in Wilmington, DE.
See C. J. Stillé, Life and Times of John Dickinson, and P. L. Ford (editor), The Writings of John Dickinson, in vols. xiii. and xiv., respectively, of the Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, 1891 and 1895). See also A Warning to the Colonies, Of the Right to Freedom; and of Traitors, A Duty to Posterity and The Declaration of the Representatives in 1775.