[Count]. Polish historian, born at Kalisz, Poland, on the 10th of September 1805. Expelled from the gymnasia of Warsaw and Kalisz for participating in revolutionary demonstrations, he continued his studies at German universities. In 1825 he returned to Warsaw, assisted to organize and took part in the unsuccessful revolution of 1830, and at its close escaped to France. In 1835 he published La Vérité sur la Russie, which was favorably received by the Russian government, and he was recalled, and employed in the civil service. In 1841 he went to Heidelberg, and devoted himself to study; afterward lectured in the University of Bern, Switzerland, spent some time in Italy, and in 1849 went to the United States; was translator in the State Department at Washington from 1861 to 1863. Among his works published in the United States are Russia as It Is (1854); The Turkish Question (1854); A Year of the War (1855); America and Europe (1857); Slavery in History (1860); and My Diary, notes on the Civil War (2 vols., 1862–66). He died at Washington, DC, on the 4th of May 1866.
