A phrase possibly of nautical origin. See N.E.D., with example, 1867.

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1849.  I am among those who voted for the gentleman from Indiana, even “to the bitter end.”—Mr. Stanton of Tennessee, House of Repr., Dec. 12: Congressional Globe, p. 23.

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1850.  The disunionist looks to a southern Confederacy; the bitter-ender to the triumph of his party, and the downfall of as honest, and patriotic, and honorable an Executive, as this country has known since the days of Washington.—Mr. Butler of Conn., the same, March 12: id., p. 303, Appendix.

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1850.  Our defence is a just one, and will be maintained by us to the “bitter end,” speaking after the manner of the venerable editor of the Union.—Mr. Corwin of Ohio, the same, April 9: id., p. 434, App.

4