German novelist and historical writer, born in Bieberich on the 6th of May 1823. He was educated at Giessen and elsewhere, and for ten years was editor of journals in Frankfort, Heidelberg and Wiesbaden; in 1853 became professor at Munich, and in 1862 was elected to the Munich Academy of Sciences. He published Natural History of the People (1851–69); History of Civilization (1865); New Book of Novels (1867); Studies of the Civilization of Three Centuries (1859); Types and Characters of Musicians (1878); German Labor (1862); and others. He also superintended the publication of the geographical and ethnographical magazine, Bavaria, and of the Historical Journal.