American geologist; born in Oswego, NY, on the 8th of September 1837; educated at Paris, Hanover and Freiberg, Saxony (1854–60). He traveled through the mining districts of Europe, and in 1860–61 was engaged in mining operations in Arizona; was employed by the government of Japan to explore the island of Yezo (1861–63); by the government of China to examine the coal-fields of northern China (1863–64). After crossing Mongolia, Siberia and Russia, he returned to the United States; was professor of mining-engineering and geology at Harvard (1866); in 1870–71 he made a geological survey of the copper region of northern Michigan, a report of which was published in the Geological Survey of Michigan; was state geologist of Missouri (1871–73); in 1879 organized the division of economic geology, and prepared Mining Industries of the United States for the census reports published in 1886; was vice-president of the International Congress of Geologists, held at Washington in 1891. He wrote numerous articles in scientific journals, and Geological Researches in China, Mongolia and Japan, issued by the Smithsonian Institution (1867), and Across America and Asia (1870).
