German historian, born at Lesse, in Brunswick, on the 28th of April 1825. He attended the courses at the universities of Jena, Halle, Leipsic and Bonn, and afterward devoted himself to journalism. Resuming his studies, he became, in 1861, professor of history and literature in the Polytechnic School of Carlsruhe, from which he was called to the chair of history at the University of Strasburg, in 1872. Among his works are Geschichte Spaniens zur Zeit Franzsisch (1861); Geschichte Spaniens vom Ausbruch der Franzisch (1865–71); Zur Verständigung Zuischen Nord und Sud (1859); Wie Wir Wieder ein Volk Geworden Sind (1870).
