French historian and philosopher, born in Lyons, France, on the 12th of July 1813. He completed his studies at the College of Lyons, and took a doctor’s degree in 1839. Two years later he was chosen a member of the faculty of Lyons, whose dean he became in 1848. He was appointed inspector-general in 1865 and retired in 1879. Of his numerous writings may be mentioned Critical History of Cartesianism; Concerning Conscience in Psychology and in Morals; and Religion within the Limits of Reason. He was made an officer of the Legion of Honor in 1867.
