German Egyptologist, born at Mannheim on the 6th of October 1832. He studied theology at Heidelberg and Göttingen, and afterward devoted considerable attention to natural science, especially chemistry. About 1865 he became interested in the study of Egyptian hieroglyphics, and in 1869 became instructor in Egyptology at the University of Heidelberg. Being sent by the Grand Duke of Baden to Egypt, he ascended the Nile to the second cataract, and returned through Palestine, Syria and Asia Minor. In 1872 he was made professor in the University of Heidelberg. He has made valuable translations of papyri belonging to the British Museum; among them, The Political Condition of Egypt Before the Reign of Rameses III (1873) and The Mathematics of Ancient Egypt (1877).
