Scotch educator and philosopher, born in Edinburgh on the 20th of December 1856. He was educated at the University of Edinburgh and abroad; became instructor in logic in Edinburgh in 1880; held a professorship in University College, Cardiff, in 1883; lectured at Edinburgh in the same year; professor at St. Andrews (1887–91); became professor of logic and metaphysics in Edinburgh University in 1891. Among his works are The Development from Kant to Hegel (1882); Essays in Philosophical Criticism (1883); Scottish Philosophy, with W. R. Haldane (1885), and Hegelianism and Personality (1887). He contributed articles on philosophical subjects to this Encyclopædia, including Mysticism, Philosophy and Scholasticism. (See authored articles: Baruch Spinoza, Pythagoras, Thomas Reid, Christian, Freiherr von Wolff.)
