Austrian scholar and statesman, born in Vienna, Austria, on the 13th of May 1828; studied law as well as the Eastern languages at the university of that city. His knowledge of Arabic and Coptic procured him the appointment of first dragoman to the Austrian consulate in Egypt in 1852; consul at Cairo in 1859, and consul at Galatz in 1862, at Beyrut in 1870; made a councilor of the empire in 1872; commissioner on the Egyptian state debt in 1876; Austrian Minister of Commerce in 1880–81. His published works include Egypt, the Country and People (1863); The Leading Ideas of Islam (1868); and The Kulturgeschichte des Orients unter den Kalifen (1875–77).
