German historian, born in St. Petersburg, Russia, on the 5th of August 1834, and passed his early years in commercial pursuits. Then he commenced his advanced studies at the universities of Jena and Berlin; was appointed professor of history in the Imperial Russian School of Law, whence he proceeded in similar positions to Odessa and Dorpat. His works, all published in German, were numerous and valuable. Among them are Studies on Financial History (1867); Studies on the History of Civilization (1878); History of the Russo-Swedish War of 1788 (1869); and numerous contributions to periodical literature.
