in combination. (See THOROUGH-.)
1. Combinations of THROUGH prep. or adv. with verbs (pples., vbl. sbs.), or adjs. Chiefly Obs.
In OE. through qualifying a verb stood before it regularly in the infinitive and participles, and usually in the finite vb. in subordinate clauses. In such cases there was a tendency for it to be written in comb., as in mod. German durchgehen, durchgehend, durchwachsen. In some words this tendency became stronger in ME., and the combined form was used also in the finite verb. For these see the Main words below. The following illustrate the process, without any attempt to be exhaustive:
† through-carve v., trans. to cut through; hence through-carved ppl. a., see quot.; † through-cast v. [CAST v. 57], trans. to plaster throughout; † through-cut v., trans. to cut through, perforate by cutting; † through-drive v., trans. to drive a nail or spike through, to transfix; † through-ficche (thurghe-fyche) v. [FICCHE v.], trans. to pierce through, transfix; † through-formed ppl. a., thoroughly formed, full-grown; † through-galled pa. pple. [GALL v.1 5], thoroughly harassed or disabled; † through-handling, management of details; carrying through; transaction; † through-lanced pa. pple., pierced as with a lance, transfixed; † through-look v., trans. to look through, examine thoroughly; † through-nailed pa. pple., transfixed with nails; † through-nim v., trans. to ‘run through,’ transfix; fig. to penetrate; † through-pierce (thorough-pierce) v., trans. to pierce through, transfix; hence through-, thorough-piercing ppl. adj.; † through-ride (thorough-ride) v., (a) trans. to ride through, make a raid through (cf. RIDE v. 2); (b) intr. to penetrate through (cf. RIDE v. 9); † through-rive v. (pa. t. þurh-raf) [RIVE v.], trans. to rive or tear through; † through-run (thurh-ærn) v., trans. to overrun; † through-shed (þurȝsched) v. (L. perfundere) trans. to suffuse; † through-shoot (pa. t. þurh-, þorȝschote) v., trans. to shoot through, pierce through; † through-shove v. (pa. pple. þurghshove), trans. to thrust through, transfix; † through-swim v., trans. to swim through; † through-thrilled pa. pple., pierced through; fig. thrilled through; † through-waxen pa. pple. [waxen, pa. pple. of WAX v.], grown over; † through-won v. [OE. þurh-wunian: see WON v.], intr. to abide, continue or remain through; † through-wound v., trans. to wound through or deeply. See also THROUGH-BEARING, THROUGH-GO, etc. b. with adjectives: † through-old a., extremely old; antiquated; † through-wet a., wetted or wet through, saturated with moisture.
c. 1330. Arth. & Merl. (Kölbing) 8141. Stel & yren his ax *þurchcarf Wher þurch mani starf.
1875. Parker, Gloss. Archit., Through Carved-work,… in which the spaces between the ornamental parts are pierced entirely through.
1611. in Willis & Clark, Cambridge (1886), II. 112. The whole passage to be *throughecast with lime and haire.
c. 1330. Arth. & Merl., 9286. Ich of hem on [o]þer hitt, Oþer heued ofsmot or bodi *burch kitt.
1594. Plat, Jewell-ho., III. 34. How to graue any … deuise vpon an egge shel, & how to through-cut the same.
a. 1023. Wulfstan, Hom., iii. (Napier), 22. Him æʓðer *þurhdraf mid isenum næʓlum ʓe fet ʓe handa.
a. 1225. Leg. Kath., 1204. Þurhdriuen upon þe rode. Ibid., 1943. & let þurhdriuen … þe spaken & te felien Mid irnene gadien.
c. 1340. Hampole, Prose Tr., 2. It has *thurghefychede my herte.
1664. H. More, Myst. Iniq., Apol. 542. Who are so *through-formed Christians as cordially to believe all the Essential Parts of our Religion.
1594. Kyd, Cornelia, V. 308. Scipio that saw his ships *through-galled, And by the foe fulfild with fire and blood.
a. 1586. Sidney, Arcadia (1622), 177. (Skimming any thing that came before him) [He] was disciplined to leaue the *through-handling of all to his gentle wife.
1594. Spenser, Amoretti, lvii. Seeing my hart *through-launced every where With thousand arrowes, which your eies have shot.
c. 1200. Ormin, Ded. 68. & te bitæche icc off þiss boc,… All to þurrhsekenn illc an ferrs, & to *þurrhlokenn offte.
1446. Lydg., Two Nightingale P., ii. 240. *Thurgh-nayled weren his holy handis tweyne.
c. 1205. Lay., 14711. Catiger þer com & mid his spere hine *þurh-nom.
1390. Gower, Conf., II. 249. Into wepinge Sche fell, as sche that was thurgh nome With love.
1639. Fuller, Holy War, II. xliv. (1647), 103. Then must he be a *through-old man. Ibid., V. xxix. 281. What credit there is to be given to that through-old if not doting prophecie.
c. 1330. Arth. & Merl., 7936, & wiþ gode hert & main fin Þai *þurchperced þo Sarrazin.
1413. Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton), I. xiv. (1859), 11. Grete drede and heuynesse had thorughpercyd my herte.
1590. Spenser, F. Q., II. i. 38. Her tender hart was rent in twaine, Or thrild with point of thorough-piercing paine.
1609. Heywood, Brit. Troy, XIV. xxv. Quite through-piercst the Greeke dropt down a corse.
c. 1205. Lay., 18082. He … smat hine i þere side Þat þat spere *þurh-rade [c. 1275 þorh-rod].
c. 1330. R. Brunne, Chron. Wace (Rolls), 14516. Þat alle landes he wolde þorow ryde … Cristen men to struye & quelle.
c. 1400. Destr. Troy, 5008. Thy … Rewme þurgh Riden, robbed þi goodis.
c. 1205. Lay., 23943. [He] smat i þere breoste þat þat spere *þurh raf [c. 1275 þorh rof]. Ibid., 12129. Þat long heo *þurh arnden & herȝeden. Ibid., 16657. Þat lond heo gunne þurh-ærnen & þa tunes fur-bernen.
1382. Wyclif, Esther xv. 8. She forsothe *thurȝshed [Vulg. perfusa] the chere with rose colour.
971. Blickl. Hom., 109. Þonne he his byrnsweord ʓetyhþ & þas world ealle þurhslyhþ, & þa lichoman *þurh sceoteð.
c. 1330. R. Brunne, Chron. Wace (Rolls), 4373. Þer schaftes þorgh schoten body & schelde.
c. 1330. Arth. & Merl., 7959. Þer was mani wombe *þurchschoue & mani heued cleued aboue.
c. 1420. 26 Pol. Poems, xvii. 189. His herte was wiþ a spere þurgh-shoue.
1615. Chapman, Odyss., VII. 384. I yet *through-swomme the waues, that your shore binds.
a. 1631. Donne, Progr. Soule, xxvii. The net throughswome, she kept the liquid Path.
1605. Sylvester, Du Bartas, II. iii. I. Vocation, 375. With our Swords and Lances … *Through-thrilléd (Villains) this shall be your last. Ibid. (1608), iv. IV. Decay, 322. My heart’s through-thrilled with your miseries.
c. 1205. Lay., 18338. Wes þe munt *þurh-wexen [c. 1275 þorh-woxe] Mid ane wude feiren.
1583. T. Watson, Centurie of Loue, xci. Then, hang your *throughwett garmentes on the wall.
c. 1000. Ags. Gosp., Matt. xxiv. 13. Witodlice seþe *þurhwunað oð ende, se byþ hal.
a. 1175. Cott. Hom., 227. Þaða hire time com hi acennede and þurhwunede meden.
c. 1205. Lay., 1384. An lond he ferde sechinde Þer he mihte þurh-wunian Mid his wnfolke.
a. 1225. Leg. Kath., 662. Þe wið godd hehfeder, & wið þen hali gast, Þurhwunest in alre worlde world.
c. 1200. Ormin, 17443. Þa neddress … Þeȝȝ tacnenn alle sinness, Þatt stingenn & *þurrhwundenn all Þatt bodiȝ, & tatt sawle.
2. Combinations with sbs. (cf. THROUGH a.):
through-arch Archit. (also attrib.), see quot.; through-blow, a blowing or current of air passing through; through-bolt (thorough-bolt), a bolt passing through the objects fastened by it, and secured at each end; † through-cold, a penetrating or deep-seated cold or chill; through-fang [FANG sb. 6 a] = through-tang; † through-fast [FAST sb.1 1], a fast all through a period, e.g., the fast of Lent; through-joint, a joint passing through the thickness of something; through-key [KEY sb.1 9], a key or pin fitting into a hole which passes right through the parts to be fastened by it; † through-lock (?): see quot.; through-mortise, a mortise cut right through the timber; † through-path, a path or way through something; through-rod, a rod passing or extending through or from end to end of some structure or piece of mechanism; † through-serewe, † -spavin, † -splint, names of diseases of the leg of the horse: see quots. and SEREWE, SPAVIN, SPLINT; also cf. THOROUGH-PIN; through-tang, a method of hafting knives, forks, etc., by inserting the tang in a hole drilled right through the handle and riveting it at the end; through-work, work extending through the thickness, or occupying the whole breadth of, some structure. See also THROUGHSTONE2.
a. 1878. Sir G. G. Scott, Lect. Archit., I. vii. 283. The two systems may be distinguished as rere-arch windows and *through-arch windows—i.e., those in which the inner is distinct from the outer arch, and those in which the same arch runs through the wall, showing itself more or less similarly on its outer and inner faces. In thick walls and rich work there is often another order of through-arch within the tracery order, or rather the outer order re-appears within.
1908. Times, 29 Dec., 4/5. No airing or *‘through-blow’ is possible in a … flat where the openings are all on one side.
1837. Civil Eng. & Arch. Jrnl., I. 33/1. The outer and inner rows of piling … are to be securely tied together, with two-inch wrought-iron *thorough boles.
1864. Daily Tel., 19 Aug. The use of large-area solid plates [in ship-building], in combination with through bolts.
1874. Knight, Dict. Mech., s.v. Bolt, A through-bolt is one which goes through the pieces which are to be fastened together. Such are clinch-bolts, and bolts secured by nut and washer.
1601. Holland, Pliny (1634), II. 289. In drink, it dissolueth ventosities, riddeth away *through-colds, and namely the shiuerings … in cold agues.
1851–4. Tomlinson, Cycl. Arts (1866), I. 487/2. A very good method is what is called *through-fang, that is, to drill a hole completely through the handle, and to insert a … prong projecting from the blade, riveting it at the opposite end.
1652. Fuller, Comm. Christ’s Tempt., ii., in Sel. Rem. (1891), II. 26. ‘He had fasted forty days and forty nights.’ The words contain the *through-fast of Christ.
1862. Catal. Internat. Exhib., II. X. 53. The *through-joints admit wet into the interior.
1548. Acc. Ld. High Treas. Scot., IX. 167. Thre gret *throuch lokes to the palice of Halyrudhous.
1632–5. Corbet, Sp. in aid St. Paul’s, in Longman, Three Cathedrals (1873), 60. Are we not beholding to it … for a prayer or a *throwpath?
1523. Fitzherb., Husb., § 96. Some horses haue a *throughe screwe on bothe sydes of the legge. Ibid., § 106. Some horses haue *throughe spauen, and appereth bothe within and without.
1565. Blundevil, Horsemanship, IV. cxxvii. (1580), 58. Or the wet Spauen, or through Spauen. This is a soft swelling growing on both sides of the hough, and seemes to go cleane through the hough, and therefore may be called a through Spauen.
1607. Topsell, Four-f. Beasts, 401. A Splent is a sorance of the least moment, vnlesse it bee on the knee, or else a *through Splent, both which cannot bee cured.
1687. Miége, Gt. Fr. Dict., I. Sur-os chevillé, serew or through-splent.
1833. J. Holland, Manuf. Metal, II. 14. Hafting table knives by the insertion of that portion of the blade which has been properly drawn out, quite through the handle … is called *through-tang.
1686. Plot, Staffordsh., 384. He also cuts wreath’d pillars with the same Engine (that are not *through-work).
