Sub-

prefix, repr. L. sub- = the prep. sub under, close to, up to, towards, used in composition (cf. UNDER-) with the various meanings detailed below. (The related Skr. upa-, Gr. ὑπο- have a similar range of meaning.)

  The b of L. sub- remained unchanged when it preceded a radical beginning with s, t, or v; before m and r it was frequently assimilated (see e.g., SUMMON, SURROGATE), and before c, f, g, and p it was almost invariably assimilated (see e.g., SUCCEED, SUFFER, SUGGEST, SUPPOSE). Variation is illustrated by L. subfuscus SUBFUSC beside L. suffuscus, subrogātus SUBROGATE beside surrogātus SURROGATE. A by-form subs- (cf. ABS-) was normally reduced to sus- in certain compounds with words having initial c, p, t, e.g., suscipĕre, suspendĕre, sustinēre (see SUSCEPTION, SUSPEND, SUSTAIN); and before sp- the prefix becomes su-, as in suspicĕre, suspīcio, suspirāre (see SUSPECT, SUSPICION, SUSPIRE).

  The original force of the prefix is either entirely lost sight of or to a great extent obscured in many words derived immediately or ultimately from old Latin compounds, such as subject, suborn, subscription, subserve, subsist, substance. (Where the prefix occurs in an assimilated form and is consequently disguised, as in succeed, suffer, suppose, an analysis of the compound does not readily suggest itself.) As a living prefix in English it bears a full meaning of its own and is freely employed in the majority of the senses defined below. Appropriate originally to composition with words of Latin origin it has become capable of being prefixed to words of native English or any other origin. This extension took place as early as the 15th c., but the beginnings of the wide use of which it is now capable date from the latter half of the 18th c., to which a large number of the earliest examples of scientific terms belong.

  The more important and permanent compounds, whether general or technical, are entered in this Dictionary as main words; in the present article are treated such compounds of a general character as have not a permanent status in the language and scientific terms the meaning of which may (for the most part) be gathered from the meaning of the prefix and that of the radical element.

  In Romanic, sub- was replaced by subtus- as a living prefix; e.g., sublevāre was ousted by *subtusvāre, whence OF. souz-, souslever, mod.F. soulever. (Cf. SOUTH-³.) But sub- appears in OF. (1) from the 12th cent. in learned adoptions of old Latin compounds, e.g., suborner to SUBORN, substance, subversion, (2) from the 14th cent. (with variant soub-) in forms substituted for older compounds with souz-, sous-; e.g., submayeur (cf. soubzmaire) sub-mayor, subprieur (cf. sousprieur). SUBPRIOR, (AF.) subtaxour sub-taxer, subvicaire sub-vicar (see 6 below); soubmetre for sousmetre to SUBMIT.

  Pronunciation. The prefix bears the main stress (1) in the following words derived from compounds of the old Latin stock, viz. su·bject (sb.), su·bscript, su·bstance, su·burb; su·baltern, su·bdolous, su·bjugate, su·blimate, su·bsequent, su·bsidize, su·bsidy, su·bstantive, su·bstitute, su·btrahend; also in su·bmarine; (2) in words in which there is an implicit contrast with the simple word, e.g., su·barch, su·bclass, su·bflavour, su·bgenus, su·b-office, su·bsection, su·bsoil. (As with other prefixes that express contrast, the principal stress is always on sub- when the contrast is explicit, as deacon and su·bdeacon, to let or su·blet, epithelial and su·bepithelial tissue.) The prefix is stressless and the quality of its vowel is consequently reduced in subdu·ce, subdue·, subj·ective, subjoi·n, subju·nctive, subli·me, subm·erge, submi·t, subo·rdinate, subre·ption, subscri·be, subse·rve, subsi·de, subsi·diary, subsi·st, substa·ntial, substra·tum, subsu·me, subte·nd, subtra·ct, subu·rban, subve·ne, subv·ert, and their derivatives. In other cases the prefix bears a stress varying from a light secondary to a stress even with that of the second element of the compound (the vowel being consequently unobscured), as in su:ba·cid, su:bcla·vian, su·bdea·n, su:bope·rcular, su:bterra·nean. In compounds belonging to branch II, even stress tends to prevail.

  I.  Under, underneath, below, at the bottom (of).

  1.  Forming adjs. in which sub- is in prepositional relation to the sb. implied in the second element, as in L. subaquāneus = that is sub aquā under water, SUBAQUANEOUS, subdiālis = that is sub diō, SUBDIAL, subterrāneus = that is sub terrā, SUBTERRANEAN, -EOUS.

  a.  Compounds of a general character (mainly nonce-wds.) and miscellaneous scientific terms.

  Subarboreal, lying under a forest of trees. Subastral, situated beneath the stars, mundane, terrestrial. Subcambrian Geol., lying beneath the Cambrian formation. Subcarboniferous Geol., designating the mountain-limestone formation of the carboniferous series or that lying beneath the millstone grit, lower carboniferous. † Subconsulary, being under the government of consuls. Subcrustal, lying under the crust of the earth. Subferulary [see FERULAR], under school discipline. Subfluvial, extending under a river. Subglacial, existing or taking place under the ice. Sublacustrine, lying or deposited at the bottom of a lake. Submundane, existing beneath the world. Subniveal, -nivean, existing or carried on under the snow. Subnubilar, situated beneath the clouds. Suboceanic, beneath the ocean, Subphotospheric, produced under the photosphere. † Subrenal, occurring beneath the kidneys or in the region of the loins. Subruinan, underneath ruins. Subscalarian a. used as sb. (see quot.). Subsuperficial, occurring below the surface. † Subtegulaneous [L. subtegulāneus, f. tegula tile], under the roof or eaves. Subundane [L. unda wave], growing beneath the waves. Sub-Wealden, under the Wealden strata in Sussex (or similar strata elsewhere).

1886.  Guillemard, Cruise of Marchesa, II. 10. The explorer who penetrates the true primeval forest in a country such as Borneo finds himself at the bottom of a *subarboreal world.

1752.  Warburton, Serm. Ps. cxliv. 3. He compares this *subastral œconomy with the systems of the fixed stars.

1871.  Tyndall, Fragm. Sci. (1879), II. ix. 172. The riddle of the rocks has been read from *sub-cambrian depths.

1849.  Dana, Geol., ix. (1850), 485. These *sub-carboniferous beds are well developed in Illawarra.

1654.  H. L’Estrange, Chas. I. (1655), 55. In *subconsulary Rome, Athens or Sparta.

1898.  Geogr. Jrnl., Nov., 545. Volcanic outflow of *subcrustal molten matter.

1852.  Sir W. Hamilton, Discuss., 118. Having in his tender years been *subferulary to some other kind of schooling.

1863.  Hawthorne, Our Old Home, Up the Thames, II. 134. Making the *subfluvial avenue [viz. the Thames tunnel] only a little gloomier than a sheet of upper London.

1820.  W. Scoresby, Acc. Arctic Reg., I. 105. Pursuing their course through *subglacial channels to the front of the iceberg.

1860.  Tyndall, Glac., I. viii. 60. Strange subglacial noises were sometimes heard.

1859.  Thirlwall, Rem. (1878), III. 203. The prevailing notion of the *sublacustrine domains is, that they are full of countless treasures.

1832.  Examiner, 115/1. Yet have we our festivals Even in these *submundane halls.

1885.  Field, 12 Dec., 824/1. A favourite resort for these *sub-niveal operations is a steep bank where the heather is old and long.

1845.  S. Judd, Margaret, I. xvii. Seizing a shovel he … commenced his *subnivean work.

1864–5.  Wood, Homes without Hands, 38. In a subnivean abode.

1877.  Dawson, Orig. World, ii. 63. That there is no *sub-nubilar solid sphere.

1858.  Rep. Brit. Assoc., I. 22. *Suboceanic and subaerial volcanic ejecta.

1903.  Agnes M. Clerke, Probl. Astrophysics, 66. *Sub-photospheric heat may be of almost any intensity.

1607.  Topsell, Four-f. Beasts, 77. The humors which annoy the body of oxen are many, the first is a moist one called Malis;… the sixt a *Subrenall, when the hinder legs halte by reason of some paine in the loines.

1881.  J. P. Briscoe, Old Nottinghamshire, 140. What is that sound! A subterranean, or *subruinan voice?

1790.  Cowper, Lett. to J. Johnson, 28 Feb. As to yourself, whom I know to be a *subscalarian, or a man that sleeps under the stairs.

1899.  Smithsonian Rep., 230. The superficial and *subsuperficial temperatures.

1656.  Blount, Glossogr., *Subtegulaneous, that is under the eaves or roofs of houses.

1878.  N. Amer. Rev., CXXVII. 163. This subtegulaneous solitude.

1851.  D. Landsborough, Brit. Seaweeds (ed. 2), 19. With bright festoons of gayer, gentler algues, *Subundane drapery.

1872.  in Rec. Sub-Wealden Explor. (1878), 6. The thickness of the Sub-Wealden strata in France and Belgium.

  b.  Anat. (Path., Surg.) and Zool. = Situated or occurring under or beneath (occas. behind) the part or organ denoted by the radical element, or lying on the ventral side of it or ventrally with respect to it; as in (late) L. subālāris that is sub ālīs under the wings, suboculāris SUBOCULAR, mod.L. sublinguālis SUBLINGUAL, etc.

  Compounds of this class may coincide in form with compounds having a different analysis. Thus, subabdominal = under the abdomen, f. sub abdōmine + -AL, coincides with subabdominal = not quite abdominal, f. SUB- 20 d + ABDOMINAL; so SUBCARTILAGINOUS, SUBCENTRAL, SUBMUCOUS, subspinous. Also, such a form as SUBUMBRELLAR may be analysed as (1) sub umbrellā + -AR¹ = situated beneath the umbrella, or (2) f. subumbrella (see f. below) + -AR¹ = pertaining to the subumbrella; so SUBMENTAL. (In this second case the resultant signification is much the same whichever analysis is taken.)

  In some of these compounds the implied regimen of the prep. is not a simple sb. but a group consisting of an adj. and a sb., the adj. being the element represented in the compound; e.g., subdural.

  In the following list explanations of the radical element have been occasionally added in brackets; in most instances the meaning of the compound is readily inferred from that of the prefix and of the second element. Many more words of this class are to be found in the medical dicts. of Billings, Dorland, and others, Sydenham Society’s Lex., Allbutt’s Syst. Med., Buck’s Handbk. Med. Sci., etc.

  Subabdo·minal (= situated or occurring under, below or beneath the abdomen), subacro·mial, suba·lar, suba·nal, subaponeuro·tic, subastra·galoid, subauri·cular (an auricle), subcæ·cal, subca·lcarine (the calcarine fissure), subca·psular, su:bcerebe·llar, subcolla·teral (the collateral fissure of the brain), su:bconjuncti·val (the conjunctiva), subco·racoid, subcra·nial (the cranium, the cranial axis), subcuti·cular, subde·ltoid, subde·rmal, -oid, su:bdiaphragma·tic, subdi·scal (the discal shell), subdu·ral (the dura mater), su:bectode·rmal, -ic, su:bendoca·rdial, su:bendosty·lar, su:bendothe·lial, su:bepide·rmal, -ic, su:bepithe·lial, subfa·lcial (the falx cerebri), subfa·scial, subfro·ntal (a frontal lobe), subge·nital, subgle·noid (the glenoid fossa), subglo·ttic (the glottis), subgu·lar (the throat), subhæ·mal, subhy·oid, su:bintesti·nal, subla·bial, sublo·bular (a lobule of the liver), sublo·ral, subma·mmary, submandi·bular, subma·stoid, submeni·ngeal, submu·scular, subne·rvian, -neu·ral (a main neural axis or nervous cord), subno·dal, su:bœsopha·geal, -an, subo·ral, subo·stracal (the shell, Gr. ὄστρακον), subpa·llial, subpari·etal (the parietal bone, lobe, etc.), subpedu·ncular, subpe·lvic, su:bpericra·nial, su:bperio·steal, su:bperitone·al, su:bperitone:o-abdo·minal, -pe·lvic (the abdominal peritoneum, the peritoneum of the pelvis; applied to forms of extra-uterine pregnancy), subpetro·sal (the petrosal bone), subphre·nic (the diaphragm), subpi·al (the pia mater), subpleu·ral, subprepu·tial, subpu·bic, subpylo·ric, subra·dular, subre·tinal, subscro·tal, subsphenoi·dal, subspi·nal, subspi·nous, subste·rnal, substi·gmatal, subsy·lvian (the Sylvian fissure), subsyno·vial (a synovial membrane), subtegume·ntal, subte·mporal (a temporal gyrus of the brain), subtenta·cular (the tentacles or tentacular canal), subtrape·zial, subu·ngual, -u·nguial, subvagi·nal, subve·ntral.

1840.  Cuvier’s Animal Kingdom, 408. These branchiæ are situated … upon the *subabdominal appendages.

1839.  Dublin Jrnl. Med. Sci., XV. 260. Symmetrical *Sub-acromial Luxations.

1834.  G. Bennett, Wand. N. S. W., II. 45. The beautiful *sub-alar plumage.

1889.  Q. Jrnl. Geol. Soc., XLV. 644. The *subanal fasciole.

1868.  Gay, Varicose Dis., 150. The trunk veins, especially the *subaponeurotic.

1872.  T. Bryant, Pract. Surg., 1061. *Subastragaloid amputation.

1822.  J. Parkinson, Outl. Oryctol., 187. *Subauricular tooth in the larger valve.

1890.  Billings, Nat. Med. Dict., *Subcæcal fossa, pocket sometimes found in the peritoneum behind the cæcum.

1889.  Buck’s Handbk. Med. Sci., VIII. 154. The replacement of lingual lobule and fusiform lobule … by *subcalcarine gyre and *subcollateral gyre.

1889.  Lancet, 20 April, 787/2. The *subcapsular portion of the cortex.

1889.  Buck’s Handbk. Med. Sci., VIII. 240. The *subcerebellar veins.

1839–47.  Todd’s Cycl. Anat., III. 85/1. The cellular tissue … is sometimes the seat of … *subconjunctival ecchymosis.

1878.  T. Bryant, Pract. Surg., I. 308. Inflammation of the sclerotic or subconjunctival fascia.

1839.  Dublin Jrnl. Med. Sci., XV. 251. Congenital *Subcoracoid Luxation.

1876.  Quain’s Anat. (ed. 8), II. 738. *Subcranial, Facial, or Pharyngeal Plates or Arches.

1855.  Hyde Clarke, Dict., *Subcuticular, under the cuticle.

1899.  Allbutt’s Syst. Med., VI. 575. The whitlow is often sub-cuticular.

1853.  Dublin Quart. Jrnl. Med. Sci., XV. 6. The *subdeltoid bursa.

1887.  Sollas, in Encycl. Brit., XXII. 415/1. These cavities are known as *subdermal chambers.

1845.  Todd & Bowman, Phys. Anat., I. 425. They lie either in the cutis or *sub-dermoid tissue.

1844.  Hoblyn, Dict. Terms Med. (ed. 2), 293. *Sub-diaphragmatic, the designation of a plexus, furnished by the solar plexus, and distributed to the diaphragm.

1902.  Proc. Zool. Soc., II. 272. A *sub-discal series of internervular spots and dashes.

1875.  W. Turner, Hum. Anat., 219. A fine space containing a minute quantity of limpid serum … named the arachnoid cavity, or,… the *sub-dural space.

1888.  Q. Jrnl. Micros. Sci. (N.S.), XXVIII. 381. The cutaneous muscles arise from the *subectodermal fibrous network.

1888.  Rolleston & Jackson, Anim. Life, 784. A *sub-ectodermic plexus of ganglion cells in the subumbrella.

1897.  Allbutt’s Syst. Med., II. 827. *Sub-endocardial hæmorrhages.

1893.  Athenæum, 2 Dec., 774/1. The *subendostylar cœlom.

1875.  W. Turner, in Encycl. Brit., I. 848/2. The endothelial cells rest upon a *sub-endothelial tissue.

1853.  Pharmac. Jrnl., XIII. 17. The *sub-epidermal cellular tissue.

1877.  Huxley & Martin, Elem. Biol., 65. The *subepidermic cells.

1873.  T. H. Green, Introd. Pathol., 264. The *sub-epithelial connective tissue.

1889.  Buck’s Handbk. Med. Sci., VIII. 121. The presence of a subfalcial sinus.

1897.  Allbutt’s Syst. Med., IV. 601. Its source, a degenerate gland, is not only subcutaneous, but *subfascial also, that is, under the deep cervical fascia.

1877.  Huxley, Anat. Inv. Anim., vi. 260. The sternal surface presents, anteriorly, a flattened *subfrontal area.

1888.  Rolleston & Jackson, Anim. Life, 785. The membranes come to lie at the bottom of *subgenital cavities or lemnia.

1872.  Humphry, Myology, 31. The palmar muscles take their origin from the coracoids, or *subglenoid part of the girdle.

1880.  A. Flint, Princ. Med., 304. Œdema in very rare instances occurs below the vocal cords. This is distinguished as *subglottic œdema.

1858.  W. Clark, trans. Van der Hoeven’s Zool., II. 249. *Subgular vocal sac.

1872.  Humphry, Myology, 8. The Cryptobranch is continued from the interior of the pelvis beneath the hæmal arches of the tail where it blends with the *subhæmal septum.

1876.  Quain’s Anat. (ed. 8), II. 740. The fourth arch, which has no special name, but might be called *sub-hyoid or cervical.

1870.  Rolleston, Anim. Life, 125. Vessels … which pass round the intestine … to join a *sub-intestinal vessel.

1875.  Blake, Zool., 196. The nasal sacs are *sublabial.

1839–47.  Todd’s Cycl. Anat., III. 173/1. The *sublobular veins are named from their position at the base of the lobules.

1896.  Brit. Birds, Their Nests & Eggs, I. 185. The superciliary and *subloral white streaks.

1857.  Dunglison, Med. Lex., s.v., *‘Submammary inflammation,’ inflammation of the areolar tissue beneath the mamma.

1875.  Buckland, Log-Bk., 118. The *submandibular … tissues.

1844.  Hoblyn, Dict. Terms Med. (ed. 2), 293. *Sub-mastoïd, the name of a branch given off by the seventh pair of nerves, as it passes out from the stylomastoïd foramen.

1899.  Allbutt’s Syst. Med., VII. 569. Some injury during birth, such as usually results in *submeningeal hæmorrhage.

1855.  Dunglison, Med. Lex., *Submuscular, seated beneath muscles or a muscular layer.

1888.  Encycl. Brit., XXIV. 679. In Lumbricus there are three longitudinal trunks which run from end to end of the body—(1) dorsal, (2) supranervian, (3) *subnervian.

1878.  Bell, trans. Gegenbaur’s Comp. Anat., 279. A *subneural cavity [in insects].

1900.  Lucas, Brit. Dragonflies, 53. The ultra-nodal sector is found between the principal and the *sub-nodal.

1835–6.  Todd’s Cycl. Anat., I. 547/2. A second [ganglion], which is *subœsophageal and anterior, supplies the buccal apparatus.

1858.  W. Clark, trans. Van der Hoeven’s Zool., II. 59. Branchiæ open internally in a *subœsophagean tube.

1836–9.  Todd’s Cycl. Anat., II. 393/2. The *sub-oral ganglion is particularly subservient to mastication.

1883.  Encycl. Brit., XVI. 675/1. A thin plate-like *‘sub-ostracal’ or (so-called) dorsal cartilage.

1854.  Woodward, Mollusca, II. 195. A *sub-pallial expansion on the sides of the back.

1889.  Buck’s Handbk. Med. Sci., VIII. 152. *Subparietal [gyre].

1815.  J. Gordon, Syst. Hum. Anat., I. 211. The *sub-peduncular Lobule of the Cerebellum.

1864.  Reader, No. 103. 771/1. The acute *subpelvic arch.

1872.  T. Bryant, Pract. Surg., 41. In the *subpericranial form [of contusions] the indurated base may organise.

1847–9.  Todd’s Cycl. Anat., IV. I. 713/2. In syphilis … there is frequently *subperiosteal effusion of lymph. Ibid. (1835–6), I. 13/1. The *subperitoneal cellular tissue.

1896.  Nomencl. Dis., 209. Affections connected with pregnancy…. β. *Subperitoneo-abdominal.

1857.  Bullock, trans. Cazeaux’ Midwifery, 245. *Sub-peritoneo-pelvic Pregnancy … a species of extra-uterine pregnancy.

1889.  Buck’s Handbk. Med. Sci., VIII. 242. The oblique super- and *sub-petrosal sinuses.

1897.  Allbutt’s Syst. Med., III. 570. By *subphrenic abscess is understood a collection of pus in the hollow of the diaphragm.

1877.  trans. von Ziemssen’s Cycl. Med., XII. 463. Meshes or spaces in the tissue of the pia (*subpial space).

1862.  H. W. Fuller, Dis. Lungs, 173. The *sub-pleural cellular tissue is injected and œdematous.

1872.  T. Bryant, Pract. Surg., 496. From retained *sub-preputial secretion or from adhesion between the glans and prepuce.

1831.  R. Knox, Cloquet’s Anat., 198. *Sub-Pubic or Triangular Ligament.

1856.  Huxley, Laing’s Preh. Rem. Caithn., 94. The sub-pubic arch.

1911.  Encycl. Brit. (ed. 11), XVII. 166/2. The gastric glands, draining the stomach (these are divided into coronary, *sub-pyloric and retropyloric groups).

1877.  Huxley, Anat. Inv. Anim., viii. 488. The *subradular membrane is continued into a longer or shorter sac.

1847–9.  Todd’s Cycl. Anat., IV. I. 134/2. The submucous tissue of the gall-bladder; the subserous of the pleura…; the *subretinal.

1861.  Bumstead, Ven. Dis., 119. The *sub-scrotal cellular tissue.

1889.  Buck’s Handbk. Med. Sci., VIII. 241. The *subsphenoidal sinus.

1733.  trans. Winslow’s Anat. (1756), I. 259. The *Sub-Spinal … Fossa.

1878.  Walsham, Handbk. Surg. Pathol., 153. *Subspinous [dislocation]. The head of the bone is displaced on to the posterior margin of the glenoid cavity.

1831.  R. Knox, Cloquet’s Anat., 772. The *substernal and pulmonary lymphatics.

1897.  Allbutt’s Syst. Med., III. 785. Dysphagia and substernal burning.

1896.  Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 30. The marginal cell … may have the portion below the stigma (*substigmatal) longer than that beyond (poststigmatal).

1889.  Buck’s Handbk. Med. Sci., VIII. 152. Fissural connections … of the Sylvian with the basisylvian, presylvian, and *subsylvian.

1835–6.  Todd’s Cycl. Anat., I. 254/1. The *subsynovial cellular tissue.

1883.  Encycl. Brit., XVI. 679/1. A pair of such spores [sc. tegumental] leading into *sub-tegumental spaces of considerable area.

1889.  Buck’s Handbk. Med. Sci., VIII. 153. The callosal,… precuneal, and *subtemporal fissures.

1877.  Huxley, Anat. Inv. Anim., ix. 586. The *subtentacular and cœliac canals.

1899.  Allbutt’s Syst. Med., VIII. 28. The *sub-trapezial plexus on the under surface of the trapezius muscle.

1855.  Hyde Clarke, Dict., *Subungual, under the nails.

1879.  St. George’s Hosp. Rep., IX. 755. The subungual wart.

1855.  Dunglison, Med. Lex., *Subunguial, belonging to parts under the nail; as subunguial exostosis.

1876.  trans. Wagner’s Gen. Pathol., 159. Coloring matter is … found … in the *sub-vaginal space.

1835.  Kirby, Hab. & Inst. Anim., I. ix. 267. No *subventral … foot.

  (b)  in derived advs.; e.g., subdu·rally, su:bperio·steally; so SUBCORTICALLY.

1897.  Allbutt’s Syst. Med., II. 700. Injected *subdurally the results were not so constant.

1898.  Syd. Soc. Lex., *Subperiosteally, in a subperiosteal manner.

  c.  Bot. in the same sense as b; e.g., su:barchespo·rial, subhyme·nial. Also SUBPETIOLAR.

1900.  B. D. Jackson, Gloss. Bot. Terms, *Subarchesporial Pad, Bower’s term for a cushion-like group of cells below the archesporium in Lycopodium.

1874.  Cooke, Fungi, 57. The receptacle proper comprehends the *sub-hymenial tissue, the parenchyma, and the external membrane.

1882.  Bennett, Text-bk. Bot. (ed. 4), 283. The ascophorous hyphæ or subhymenial layer.

  d.  Anat. In adj. compounds in Latin form, of the type defined in b above, designating parts of the body, used absol. by ellipsis of sb. (e.g., musculus muscle, membrāna membrane): e.g., SUBANCONEUS, SUBCRUREUS, SUBMUCOSA.

  (b)  Adjs. of Eng. form are similarly used, esp. pl.; e.g., SUBCOSTAL, SUBORBITAL.

  e.  With sbs. forming attrib. compounds; e.g., subatla·ntic under the Atlantic, sub-cu·ticle = SUBCUTANEOUS, sub-tu·rbary found under turf-ground.

1875.  Knight, Dict. Mech., 2507/2. The *subatlantic cable enterprise.

1889.  Microcosm, Dec. His *subcuticle injections.

1900.  Pop. Sci. Monthly, Feb., 440. There would necessarily be a *submountain mass.

1895.  Westm. Gaz., 7 Sept., 4/4. The whole of the *sub-river section of the line.

1846.  Owen, Brit. Fossil Mammals, 512. The *sub-turbary shell-marl in various localities in Ireland.

1893.  Forwood, in Times, 24 June, 7/6. The [latest] ships are practically the same as those earlier built with regard to the *sub-water structure.

  f.  With sbs. forming sbs. designating a part, organ or substance lying under the part denoted by the radical element; e.g., SUBCOSTA, subence·phalon, subhyme·nium, SUBMENTUM, subplace·nta, sub-ra·dius, subte·sta (see quots.), SUBUMBRELLA.

1890.  Billings, Nat. Med. Dict., *Subencephalon, Krause’s name for combined medulla oblongata, pons Varolii, and corpora quadrigemina.

1900.  Jackson, Gloss. Bot. Terms, Subhymenial Layer or *Subhymenium, = Hypothecium.

1855.  Dunglison, Med. Lex., *Subplacenta, decidua membrana.

1897.  Parker & Haswell, Zool., I. 129. Half way between any ad-radius and the adjacent per- or inter-radius, a radius of the fourth order, or *sub-radius.

1816.  P. Keith, Syst. Physiol. Bot., II. 374. The *Subtesta, which is the inner coat of the seed and lies immediately under the testa.

  g.  Forming vbs., in L. subhastāre = ‘hastæ subicĕre’ (see SUBHASTATION), subjugāre to SUBJUGATE.

  2.  With adverbial force (= underneath, below, down, low, lower), prefixed to adjs., vbs. and pples. (and, less freq., sbs.), as in L. subærātus having copper underneath, subjacens underlying, SUBJACENT, subscrībĕre to write underneath, write down, SUBSCRIBE, subsīdĕre to sit down, SUBSIDE, substernĕre to strew or spread underneath, subtendĕre to stretch under, SUBTEND, late L. subcavāre to hollow out underneath; e.g., subadja·cent, -re·pent adjs.; subæra·ted, -concea·led, -contai·ned, -de·nted, -twi·ned pples.; subca·vate, -i·rrigate vbs. Sublineation, underlining. Subpunctuation, marking letters or words with dots underneath. † Subumbrage v., to overshadow. † Subundation, the action of waves underneath. (Formations of this class are uncommon.)

1722.  Quincy, Lex. Physico-Med. (ed. 2), 2. The superior Parts of the *subadjacent Os Metacarpi.

1771.  Phil. Trans., LXII. 60. A *subærated … denarius of the Plætorian family.

1799.  W. Tooke, View Russ. Emp., I. 115. A piece of mountain,… entirely bare of soil,… in conjunction with that mineral [viz. talc] *subcavating the trapp-stone.

a. 1734.  North, Exam., III. vi. (1740), 430. To do it with Address, and *subconcealed Artifice.

1768.  Cheselden, Anat. Hum. Body, 133. For the better understanding of the *sub-contained parts.

1836.  Smart, Dict., *Subdented, indented beneath.

1898.  I. C. Russell, River Developm., 246. If a name were desired for this minor feature of the drainage of certain regions, it might be termed *subimposed.

1903.  Sci. Amer. Suppl., 17 Jan., 22616/3. Where the subsoil transmits water freely, irrigation ditches may *subirrigate large tracts of country without rendering them marshy.

1651.  A. Boate, in Ussher’s Lett. (1686), 564. He hath made use of … *Sublineation in lieu of Asterisks.

1908.  Times, 14 March, 14/1. The following whip … was marked with the sublineation of a thick black line.

1908.  H. Hall, Stud. Eng. Off. Hist. Doc., 384. Confession of a blunder by the process of *subpunctuation must have been particularly distasteful to a mediaeval scribe.

1650.  Bulwer, Anthropomet., ii. 53. That they [hairs] should imbibe the afflux of *subrepent humours.

1908.  Daily Chron., 25 July, 1/4. A push-button *subtwined in a bower of red roses.

1581.  Satir. Poems Reform., xliii. 82. Xerxes, quhose … schippis *subumbragit all the seyis on breid.

1552.  Huloet, s.v. Banckes, Banckes defensyue againste *subundation called Seabanckes.

  b.  Hence = in or into subjection, as in subdĕre to bring under, subdue, subicĕre to SUBJECT.

  3.  Prefixed to sbs. with adjectival force (partly on the analogy of L. sublāmina under-plate, substrāmen litter) = lying, existing, occurring below or underneath, under-, (hence, by implication) underground; e.g., sub-armour, -trousers, -vestment; sub crust, -current, -deposit, -flush, -mind; sub-note, -text; sub-crossing, -population, -railway; in designations of architectural features, indicating a secondary member, feature, chamber, etc., placed under one of the same kind, e.g., sub-basement, -cellar, -hall, -member, -pier-arch, plinth, -shaft, -sill, -store-room, tower; so sub-shelf, subtrench (whence subtrenched adj.). Also SUB-ARCH, etc. (Stress even, or on the prefix.)

1860.  J. Hewitt, Anc. Armour, II. 132. The Hauberk of chain-mail is worn … not … as the principal defence … but as a *sub-armour.

1904.  Westm. Gaz., 26 April, 5/1. Underneath, in the basement and *sub-basement, were many thousands of gallons of wines and spirits.

1894.  Outing, XXIV. 379/2. Gentlemen, I see I didn’t examine your *sub-cellar.

1864.  Athenæum, 22 Oct., 530/3. If it be not found convenient to have *sub-crossings, surely light iron bridges would answer the purpose. Ibid. (1886), 4 Sept., 297/3. The intervening zone, or *sub-crust, which we should probably regard as being … in a state of hydro-thermal plasticity.

1902.  Westm. Gaz., 14 Oct., 3/2. The *sub-current of American life.

a. 1828.  Schoolcraft (Webster), *Subdeposit.

a. 1846.  Lyell (Worc.).

1899.  W. R. Lighton, in Atlantic Monthly, LXXXIII. 759/1. A certain *subflush of overripe color beneath the dusky skin.

1887.  Dict. Archit., *Sub-hall, the place in the lower story under the hall or chief entrance, which last was usually on the first floor.

1875.  Brash, Eccl. Archit. Irel., 133/2. These arches have each a chamfered *sub-member.

1856.  Emerson, Eng. Traits, Lit., Wks. (Bohn), II. 112. They exert every variety of talent on a lower ground, and may be said to live and act in a *sub-mind.

1824.  Dibdin, Libr. Comp., 699. The *sub-note will shew that he possessed a few of his choicer works.

1835.  R. Willis, Archit. Mid. Ages, vii. 94. Sometimes the *sub-pier-arch rests on a pilaster instead of a half shaft.

1836.  Parker, Gloss. Archit., I. 61. A second or *sub-plinth under the Norman base.

1890.  Daily News, 19 June, 5/7. A sort of *sub-population of elfin people, who live under the Treppe.

1845.  J. Williams (title), *Sub-Railways in London.

1835.  R. Willis, Archit. Mid. Ages, iv. 34. *Sub-shafts sustain arches of which the upper side is united to the soffit of the next arch or wall.

1889.  Anthony’s Photogr. Bull., II. 415. Ten inches below the *sub-shelf is a sink.

1833.  Loudon, Encycl. Archit., § 867. The oak gate-posts are kept firm in their places, by the underground braces, to the *subsills.

1889.  B. Norton, in Scribner’s Mag., Aug., 216/1. Distributions are made daily among the *substore-rooms.

1726.  J. Lowe, Lat. Gram., ix. The Fundamental rules in Text; the Less-necessary subjoined in *Subtext.

1884.  Contemp. Rev., July, 104. A still better effect … was gained by placing an octagonal super-tower, or ‘lantern,’ on a square *sub-tower.

1669.  Staynred, Fortification, 7. EFGH is the *Subtrench. Ibid. Section of a Fort with a … Counterscarp; also *Subtrenched.

1890.  Columbus (Ohio) Disp., 11 July. Four inches of white canvass *subtrousers was exposed between his pantaloons, spring-bottoms and shoe-tops.

1802.  Coleridge, Lett. (1895), 394. The diaper *subvestment of the young jacobin.

  b.  Anat. (a) Designating the lowest or basal part of the organ denoted by the second element (cf. med.L. subjuga lowest part of a yoke); e.g., subcutis, subface, subfacies, subilium.

1879.  trans. Haeckel’s Evol. Man (1905), 648. The corium is much thicker than the epidermis. In its deeper strata (the *subcutis) there are clusters of fat-cells.

1826.  Kirby & Sp., Entomol., III. 366. *Subfacies (the *Subface). The lower surface or underside of the head.

1898.  Syd. Soc. Lex., *Subilium, the lowest portion of the ilium.

  (b)  Designating a part concealed or encroached upon; e.g., subfissure, subgyre.

1889.  Buck’s Handbk. Med. Sci., VIII. 160. Superfissures and *subfissures.—These terms are employed herein to designate the fissures which result from the formation of supergyres and *subgyres.

1903.  Amer. Anthropologist (N.S.), V. 623. The occipital fissure … shows a number of well-marked subgyres in its depths.

1898.  Syd. Soc. Lex., *Subgyrus, a gyrus that is encroached on or covered.

  c.  Agric. Short for subsoil-.

1778.  [W. Marshall], Minutes Agric., 16 Aug. 1775. Put old Nimrod to the *sub-plow. Ibid. (1778), Nothing can equal *sub-plowing for clearing the surface from running weeds. Ibid., Observ., 97. After the Beans were drawn, the Soil was subplowed.

1866.  C. W. Hoskyns, Occas. Essays, 111 The well-known results of drainage and *subpulveration.

1856.  Morton, Encycl. Agric., II. 647/2. Subsoil ploughs … are merely stirrers of the under soil, and might more properly be termed *sub-pulverizers.

  4.  Mus. With adj. force combining with sbs. to form terms designating: (a) an interval of so much below a given note; e.g., subdiapente, subdiatessaron; (b) a note or an organ-stop an octave below that denoted by the original sb.; e.g., SUBOCTAVE, subcontra octave; sub-bass, -bourdon, diapason; cf. CONTRA- 4; (c) a note lying the same distance below the tonic as the note designated by the radical sb. is above it; e.g., SUBDOMINANT, SUBMEDIANT. (Cf. 13.)

1852.  J. J. Seidel, Organ, 25. The organ at St. Elizabeth’s at Breslau … contains a sub-diapason.

1869.  Engl. Mech., 31 Dec., 385/3. Sub-bass is a 32 ft. tone stop.

1878.  Stainer & Barrett, Dict. Mus., Subdiapente, Subdominant, the fifth below or the fourth above any key note.

1879.  Organ Voicing, 18. All stops speaking at any interval other than the octave, super or sub.

1880.  Encycl. Brit., XI. 483/2. The ‘subbass’ … an octave of 16 feet pitch.

1881.  C. A. Edwards, Organs, 155. Sub-bourdon … is a rare manual stop of 32 ft.

1883.  Grove, Dict. Mus., III. 747/2. A ‘Canon in Subdiapente’ was a canon in which the answer was a fifth below the lead. Similarly ‘Subdiatessaron’ is a fourth below.

1901.  E. B. Titchener, Exper. Psychol., I. I. 32. Subcontra octave.

  II.  Subordinate, subsidiary, secondary; subordinately, subsidiarily, secondarily.

  5.  Having a subordinate or inferior position; of inferior or minor importance or size; subsidiary; secondary.

  a.  of persons; as in late L. subadjuva assistant, subhēres next or second heir; e.g., sub-advocate, -deity, -god, -hero, -substitute, etc.

1645.  Milton, Colast., Wks. 1851, IV. 351. The Laws of England, wherof you have intruded to bee an opiniastrous *Sub-advocate. Ibid. (1641), Ch. Gov., II. vi. These two maine reasons of the Prelats … are the very wombe for a new *subantichrist to breed in.

1818.  Bentham, Ch. Eng., Catech. Exam., 161. This newly commissioned Antichrist with his three Sub-Antichrists.

a. 1700.  B. E., Dict. Cant. Crew, *Sub-beau, or Demibeau, a wou’d-be-fine.

a. 1629.  T. G[offe], Careless Sheph., I. i. It awes Not mortalls only; but makes other powers *Sub-Deities to thine.

1820.  T. Mitchell, Com. Aristoph., I. 44. Some of the epithets applied to this subdeity [Phales].

1809.  W. Irving, Knickerb., III. ii. Five schepens, who officiated as scrubs, *subdevils, or bottle-holders to the burger-meesters.

1680.  Shadwell, Woman-Capt., I. Scarce any one is such a Fool, but he has a *sub-Fool that he can laugh at.

1679.  Dryden, Limberham, V. Happily arriv’d, i’faith, my old *Sub-fornicator.

1726.  De Foe, Hist Devil, II. i. 203. [Satan] had his *Sub-Gods, who under his several Dispositions receiv’d the Homage of Mankind.

1846.  Lady Eastlake, Jrnls. (1895), I. 189. Sir E. L. Bulwer … a man with rather disagreeable manners, reminding me of some of the *sub-heroes in his own books.

1649.  Wodenote, Hermes Theol., 68. Saucy *Sub-Jacks possessed of the preferments of the Learned and Ancient.

1697.  J. Dennis, Plot & no Plot, V. They are my *Sub-pimps, and pick up a penny under me.

1899.  Spencer & Gillen, Tribes Centr. Austral., title-p., Special magistrate and *sub-protector of the aborigines, Alice Springs, South Australia.

1817.  Bentham, Parl. Reform, Introd. 170. Dependance on an essentially insatiable shark with his *sub-sharks.

1788.  Holcroft, Baron Trenck (1886), II. vi. 99. The substitute of Kempf was Frauenberger, who … appointed one Krebs as a *sub-substitute.

1818.  Bentham, Ch. Eng., Introd. 17. Another body of divinity … to co-operate with the Catechism, and act under it, in the character of a sub-substitute to every thing that came from Jesus.

a. 1734.  North, Life Ld. Keeper North (1742), 271. The Earl of Sunderland, Jeffries, and their *Sub-Sycophants.

1589.  Cooper, Admon., 93. Antichristian Prelates, Petie Antichrists. *Subvice-Antichrists, &c. as some … do terme them.

c. 1675.  Dryden, Pref. to Notes Empr. Morocco, Wks. 1808, XV. 404. His king, his two empresses, his villain, and his *sub-villain, nay his hero, have all a certain natural cast of the father.

1840.  Macaulay, Ess., Clive (1854), 535/1. The villain or sub-villain of the story.

1692.  South, Serm. (1697), I. 204. The Repairer of a decayed Intellect, and a *Sub-worker to Grace, in freeing it from some of the inconveniences of Original Sin.

  b.  of material objects; e.g., sub-affluent, -constellation, -piston, -totem, etc.

1873.  trans. Jules Verne’s Meridiana, v. [The Kuruman] increased by the waters of a *sub-affluent, the Moschoria.

1744.  Phil. Trans., XLIII. May, 14. The cardinal and *subcardinal Points of the Compass.

1827.  G. Higgins, Celtic Druids, 59. One of the very first *subcasts from the Asiatic hive.

1646.  Sir T. Browne, Pseud. Ep., V. xix. 262. If thereby be meant the Pleiades, or *subconstellation upon the back of Taurus.

1834–47.  J. S. Macaulay, Field Fortif. (1851), 297. Keep their *sub-crests in the same plane as the sub-crests of the faces.

1859.  Murchison, Siluria, vi. (ed. 3), 122. The whole of the calcareous courses of this *subformation.

1862.  Catal. Internat. Exhib., II. XXXI. 20. The following *sub-master keys.

1895.  E. A. Dix, in Outing, XXVI. 55/2. The serried ranks of *sub-pagodas in this strange, holy city.

1900.  Hiscox, Horseless Vehicles, 66. When the ports in the *sub-piston close.

1879.  G. Prescott, Sp. Telephone, 434. M. Gaudoin also utilizes these different *subproducts in the manufacture of his carbons.

1859.  R. F. Burton, in Jrnl. Geogr. Soc., XXIX. 125 § 1. An extensive view of *subrange and hill-spur.

1883.  Howitt, in Smithsonian Rep., 818. A larger or smaller group of what I have called *subtotems, but which might be appropriately termed pseudo-totems.

  c.  of something immaterial, a quality, state, etc.; e.g., sub-cause, -flavour, -idea, -question, etc.

1898.  Engineering Mag., XVI. 38. In all there are 149 *sub-accounts, under 24 general voucher titles.

1818.  Bentham, Ch. Eng., Catech. Exam., 331. In the principal article, they are stated as residing in the neighbourhood; whereas, in the *sub-articles, no statement to that effect is contained.

1825.  Coleridge, Aids Refl. (1848), I. 184. The cause of this, and of all its lamentable effects and *sub-causes.

a. 1631.  Donne, Serm., xxxiv. (1640), 338. This part hath also two branches … in the first branch, there will bee two twiggs, two *sub-considerations.

1892.  Field, 18 June, 942/1. [In whist] the *sub-echo is the showing of three trumps when a partner has led and called for them. This is accomplished by echoing in the usual manner.

1895.  Daily News, 30 Nov., 6/3. Their manifest *sub-flavour of earnestness.

1878.  Grosart, G. Daniel’s Poems, I. 217. ‘Antike’ = ancient, with the *sub-idea of grotesqueness.

1855.  Browning, Men & Women, II. 17. Sage provisos, *sub-intents, and saving-clauses.

1888.  Pall Mall Gaz., 31 July, 3/2. Whether the author is to be suspected of a satiric *sub-intention.

1781.  St. Trials, XI. 220/2. Upon this he makes many limitations; upon all of which he adds … this *sublimitation.

1840–1.  De Quincey, Style, Wks. 1862, X. 191. Where … the limitations and the sublimitations, descend, seriatim, by a vast scale of dependencies.

1891.  S. C. Scrivener, Our Fields & Cities, 150. Both these scourges [scrofula and dyspepsia], with the groups of families of *sub-maladies which grow in their wake.

1883.  G. H. Boughton, in Harper’s Mag., Jan., 179/2. Some subtle *sub-meaning [is] also conveyed of sex as well, I fancy.

1770.  Luckombe, Hist. Printing, 234. Prefaces, Introductions, Annotations … all which *sub-parts of a Work were formerly … put in Italic.

1879.  Roby, Lat. Gram., II. 8. Such a secondary predicate might … be called a *subpredicate. It is often called an apposition.

1899.  F. J. Mather, Chaucer’s Prol., p. xlii. The most serious passages of his poetry are seldom without a *sub-quality of humor.

1675.  Tully, Lett. to Baxter, 27. There remaines yet one small *sub-question.

1619.  R. Jones, Recant. Serm., in Phenix (1708), II. 493. The reason of this Conjecture is [etc.] … The *sub-reason is [etc.].

1856.  Emerson, Eng. Traits, Aristocracy, Wks. (Bohn), II. 83. Loyalty is in the English a *sub-religion.

1856.  Olmsted, Slave States, 292. The Second Auditor’s General Report on Education … contains abstracts of *sub-reports.

1885.  Law Times Rep. (N. S.), LIII. 566/2. If there was any doubt … it is entirely removed by the appropriate language used in *sub-rule 30.

1802–12.  Bentham, Ration. Judic. Evid. (1827), II. 150. These were mentioned as so many *sub-securities for correctness and completeness.

1890.  Academy, XXXVII. 218/1. A *subsensation of how, in Rossetti’s weird phrase, his death was ‘growing up from his birth.’

1888.  Spectator, 30 June, 910/2. There is a *sub-story dealing mainly with the amours of a disreputable young woman.

1881.  Smithsonian Rep., 203. Turning to the several *subsystems it appears that although it is possible that the orbits of the satellites of Mars, Jupiter [etc.].

  d.  of actions; e.g., sub-appearance, -quarrel.

1820.  Lamb, Elia, I. Christ’s Hosp. You never met the one by chance in the street without a wonder, which was quickly dissipated by the almost immediate *subappearance of the other.

1574.  trans. Josselin’s Life 70 Abp., Pref. to Rdr. D 2 b. A petye brawle and *subquarell betwen Yorke and duresme.

1799.  S. Turner, Hist. Anglo-Saxons, I. I. viii. 112. Amid this complexity of rebellion and *sub-rebellion.

1825.  Lamb, Elia, II. Stage Illusion. The skilful actor, by a sort of *sub-reference, rather than direct appeal to us, disarms the character of a great deal of its odiousness.

1882.  ‘F. Anstey,’ Vice Versâ, iv. His cheeks were creased with a dimpling *subsmile.

1879.  Howells, Lady of Aroostook (1883), II. 158. With a knowing little look at Lydia, which included a *sub-wink for her husband.

  6.  With names of officials or persons occupying positions of authority, forming titles designating one immediately subordinate to the chief official, as in L. subcenturio (var. of succenturio) centurion’s lieutenant, late L. subdoctor assistant teacher, subscrībendārius assistant secretary, eccl.L. subdiāconus SUBDEACON, med.L. subballīvus SUB-BAILIFF, subbedellus under-beadle, submagister SUBMASTER, subprior SUBPRIOR, subsēcrētārius under-secretary; e.g., sub-abbot, -captain, -king, -vicar, etc.

1767.  Burn, Eccles. Law (ed. 2), IV. 456, marg. *Subabbat and subprior.

1818.  Bentham, Ch. Eng., 91. His Right Reverend Co-adjutors and Reverend *Sub-adjutors.

1729.  Foxton, trans. Burnet’s App. St. Dead, 28. He commemorates their Deliverance out of Egypt,… Moses being the *Sub-administrator, with mighty Miracles and Prodigies.

1726.  Ayliffe, Parergon, 68. They ought not to execute these Precepts by simple Messengers or *Sub-Beadles.

1716.  M. Davies, Athen. Brit., II. 182. Schelstrat the Pope’s *Subbibliothecarian.

1884.  Cyclist, 13 Feb., 242/1. The captain and *sub-captain … represent the club on the N. C. U.

1519.  Churchw. Acc. St. Giles’, Reading, 3. Of the *Subchamberer of the Mon[astery] of Redyng.

1688.  R. Holme, Armoury, III. iii. 49/2. Officers … belonging to the Earl of Chester…. Vice Chamberlain, or *Sub Chamberlain.

1858.  Gladstone, Homer, III. 11. The subordination of the *sub-chief to his local sovereign.

1710.  J. Chamberlayne, M. Brit. Notitia, II. 689. Mr. John Dundass, first Clerk of the Assembly…. Nicol Spence, *Sub-Clerk.

1837.  Carlyle, Fr. Rev., III. II. ii. Amid head-clerks and sub-clerks.

1688.  Lond. Gaz., No. 2331/3. One of the King’s Family shall succeed to the Bishoprick, as having been already designed by the Chapter for their *Sub-Coadjutor.

1691.  T. H[ale], Acc. New Invent., p. cv. *Sub-Conservators for the River of Thames.

1670.  Cotton, Espernon, I. II. 96. To importune the *Sub-Consul to conclude the Treaty.

1642–3.  Canterb. Marr. Licences, Thomas Graunt, clerk, *subcurate of S. Mary’s in Dover.

1580.  in Picton, L’pool Munic. Rec. (1883), I. 63. The same customer and *sub-customer shall yield and give their several accompts. Ibid. (1672), 284. William Galley Sub-customer.

1737.  E. Chamberlayne, Angl. Notitia, II. 117. *Sub-director [of Ordnance].

1896.  Hilprecht, Recent Res. Bible Lands, 87. Halil Bey, sub-director of the Museum in Constantinople.

1612.  Brinsley, Lud. Lit., 273. The particular help where either an Vsher is wanting, or else is not sufficient, is by a *Subdoctor.

1786.  J. C. Walker, Irish Bards, 83. This instrument [the Stuic or Stoc] was used as a Speaking Trumpet on the tops of our round towers, to assemble congregations [etc.]…. Nor is it unlikely, that this office was performed by the *Sub-Druids.

1703.  in J. Chamberlayne, M. Brit. Notitia (1710), II. 561. The Office of Her Majesty’s … Ordnance…. Six Engineers … Four *Sub-Engineers.

1671.  F. Philipps, Reg. Necess., 522. By fraud and collusion betwixt him and the said *Sub-Escheator.

1796.  Charlotte Smith, Marchmont, IV. 433. Every fee, which the *sub-executors of our … laws are suffered to extort.

1809.  W. Taylor, in Robberd, Mem. (1843), II. 277. Charon and his *subferrymen.

1883.  E. Ingersoll, in Harper’s Mag., Jan., 206/2. These Maine men are likely to become foremen, or *sub-foremen.

1774.  Mrs. Delany, Life & Corr., Ser. II. (1861), II. 70. Miss Goldsworthy is made *sub-governess to the young Royals at St. James’s.

1876.  E. Jenkins, Queen’s Head, 4. The head waiter, and a lot of *sub-head-waiters.

1863.  Trevelyan, Compet. Wallah (1866), 232. The *sub-inspector of police.

1684.  Baxter, Par. Congreg., 38. [The Bishop] to be the *subintercessor, or the mouth of the Church in publick prayer.

1823.  Bentham, Not Paul, 46. The *Sub-king of the Jews, Agrippa.

1848.  Lytton, Harold, III. iii. The lesser sub-kings of Wales.

1837.  W. Irving, Capt. Bonneville, I. 179. Mr. Walker, one of the *subleaders, who had gone with a band of twenty hunters.

1722.  Hearne, Collect. (O. H. S.), VII. 385. The Fees being … 1s. to the Head Librarian, 3s. 6d. to the *Sublibrarian, & 1s. 6d. to the Janitor.

1800.  Southey, Lett. (1856), I. 134. The sub-librarian is an intelligent man.

1733–4.  Mrs. Delany, Lett. to Mrs. A. Granville, 2 March. In what character is Miss Beal to go with the Orange family? A *sub-maid, I guess.

1883.  Manch. Exam., 30 Oct., 5/2. Being *sub-manager for the last twenty-one years.

a. 1774.  Tucker, Lt. Nat. (1834), II. 207. In order to gain favour with these inferior ministers or *sub-mediators.

1673.  Baxter, Lett., in Answ. Dodwell, 82. Doth it follow that your Church Monarch can over-see them all himself without any *sub-overseers? Ibid. (1685), Paraphr. N. T., John x. 3. To the Messiah God will open the door, and to *Sub-Pastors, they that by office are door-keepers to the Church, must open it.

1700.  in Cath. Rec. Soc. Publ. (1909), VII. 69. The Pastor Tegers, and sub Pastor of St. Amand.

1617.  Moryson, Itin., I. 210. The Patron … made a solemne Oration to the *sub-Patron and the Marriners.

1671.  E. Chamberlayne, Angl. Notitia, II. 228. Upon this Grand Office depends One hundred eighty two Deputy Post-Masters … and *Sub Post-Masters in their Branches.

1896.  Hansard’s Parl. Debates, 18 Feb., 546/2. A number of messengers … employed by Sub-Postmasters.

1721.  Amherst, Terræ Filius, No. 22. 112. Mr. Holt of Maudlin college, *sub-proctor at that time.

1688.  R. Holme, Armoury, III. iv. 181/2. The *Sub-Provincial, is to act the same things … as the Provincial.

1706.  Phillips (ed. Kersey), *Sub-Reader, an Under Reader in one of the Inns of Court, who reads the Text of the Law the Reader is to Discourse upon.

1605.  Answ. Supposed Discov. Romish Doctr., 20. They … openly moued the greatest *Subregents in England to take armes against her.

a. 1711.  Ken, Preparatives, Poet. Wks. III. 13. Neglect to thy Sub-regent’s Throne Affronts thy own.

1673.  Baxter, Lett., in Answ. Dodwell, 82. Doth it follow that your Church Monarch can … rule them without any *sub-rulers?

1860.  W. L. Collins, Luck of Ladysmede, I. x. 215. It was the *subsacrist approaching in the discharge of some of his duties.

1843.  Carlyle, Past & Pr., II. vi. Our Lord Abbot … made him *Subsacristan.

1642.  Docq. Lett. Patent (1837), 326. The Office of *Subsearcher w^th: in the Porte of London.

1632.  B. Jonson, Magn. Lady, Dram. Pers. Mr. Bias, A Vi-politique, or *Sub-secretary.

1678.  Trial of Coleman, 42. A Sub-Secretary, that did write very many things for him.

1826.  Scott, Diary, 16 Nov., in Lockhart. Five Cabinet Ministers … with sub-secretaries by the bushel.

1745.  Season. Adv. Prot., 37. No Person shall be capable of acting as *Subsherriff … who shall not have been a Protestant for five Years immediately before such his acting.

1737.  J. Chamberlayne, M. Brit. Notitia, II. 80. The Chief Office … Head Sorter … *Sub-Sorters.

1876.  Gladstone, Homeric Synchr., 124. Under the supremacy of Troy and of Priam, Anchises, their king, seems to have been a *sub-sovereign.

a. 1715.  Burnet, Own Time (1766), I. 315. He had been his *subtutor and had followed him in all his exile.

1744.  T. Birch, R. Boyle, 69. Mr. Tallents … had been … sub-tutor to several sons of the earl of Suffolk.

1706.  Phillips (ed. Kersey), *Sub-Vicar, an Under-Vicar.

1600.  W. Watson, Decacordon (1602), 105. Maister George Blackwell the new Archpriest of England: nay, the *Sub-uiceroy rather of all the Isles of Albion.

  (b)  in derived adjs.; e.g., subsecretarial pertaining to a sub-secretary.

1898.  B. Gregory, Side Lights Confl. Meth., 499. From his sub-secretarial desk he spoke on a case.

  b.  In the designation of corresponding offices or functions; e.g., sub-administration, -commissaryship, -inspectorship, etc.

1710.  Steele, Tatler, No. 193, ¶ 3. The *Sub-Administration of Stage Affairs.

1748.  in Temple & Sheldon, Hist. Northfield (1875), 273. I will … throw up my *sub-commissaryship.

1876.  Smiles, Sc. Nat., xiii. 268. The *subcuratorship could not be obtained.

1884.  T. Hughes, in Century Mag., XXVIII. 134/1. One *sub-inspectorship of factories stands out as the result of the attacks of the unions on the institutions of the country.

1839.  J. Rogers, Antipopopr., x. § 3. 253. We read nothing in Holy Scripture about the *submediation or the under-mediators.

1887.  Daily News, 1 March, 6/2. All the smaller *sub-postmasterships still continue to be in the gift of the Treasury.

1591.  Acts Privy Council (1900), XXI. 105. The fee of the *Subproctorship for one whole year.

1881.  Athenæum, 15 Jan., 95/3. Instituting a *sub-professoriate of twenty readers.

1764.  Scott’s Bailey, *Subvicarship, the office of an under vicar.

  7.  Compounded with sbs., to express division into parts, sections or branches.

  a.  of material objects; e.g., sub-areolet a division of an areolet, sub-cavity one of the smaller cavities into which a cavity is divided, sub-folium a small or secondary folium; etc.

1852.  Dana, Crust., I. 192. From each lateral segment a small *subareolet is separated anteriorly.

1899.  Allbutt’s Syst. Med., VII. 647. The cavity of the cranium is divided into two *subcavities by the tentorium cerebelli.

1847–9.  Todd’s Cycl. Anat., IV. I. 99/1. The cells … containing no *sub-cells in their interiors.

1875.  Brash, Eccl. Archit. Irel., 92/1. The chancel has a deep recess or *sub-chancel at the east end.

1889.  Buck’s Handbk. Med. Sci., VIII. 127. The exact number and form of the cerebellar folia and *subfolia at birth.

1883.  Pall Mall Gaz., 25 Sept., 10/1. What he might call *subhouses, or a house within a house.

1641.  Milton, Animadv., Wks. 1851, III. 226. An individuall cannot branch itselfe into *subindividuals.

1885.  Watson & Burbury, Math. Th. Electr. & Magn., I. 237. The motions of the *submolecules.

1898.  Syd. Soc. Lex., *Subnucleus, any one of the subdivisions into which a group of nerve-cells is divided by the passage through it of intersecting bundles.

1880.  C. & F. Darwin, Movem. Pl., 223. The peduncle … bears three or four *subpeduncles.

1836–9.  Todd’s Cycl. Anat., II. 910/1. The prothorax … is composed of four *sub-segments.

  b.  of a body or assembly of people, as in SUBCOMMITTEE, or of a division of animals or plants, as in SUBGENUS; e.g., sub-band a division of a band, sub-breed a breed of animals constituting a marked division of a principal breed.

1808.  Pike, Sources Mississ. (1810), I. App. 60. A young man, Wyaganage, has recently taken the lead in all the councils and affairs of state of this *sub-band.

1859.  Darwin, Orig. Spec., iv. (1878), 87. The *sub breeds of the tumbler pigeon.

1896.  Daily News, 7 April, 3/3. The east *sub-brigade … supported by the west sub-brigade.

1894.  Educ. Rev., VII. 275. Every one of the *sub-conferences claims for its group of subjects an educational value equal to that of every other.

1908.  Westm. Gaz., 8 Aug., 2/1. One Council, with *sub-councils corresponding roughly to the postal areas.

1877.  Le Conte, Elem. Geol. (1879), 160. The fauna and flora of the United States are divided … into three *sub-faunæ and *sub-floræ.

1833.  Chalmers, in Mem. (1851), III. 381. The discussions of the separate or *sub-meetings.

1860.  Mill, Repr. Gov. (1865), 115/2. Besides the controlling Council, or local *sub-Parliament, local business has its executive department.

1888.  Encycl. Brit., XXIII. 473/1. Each of these phratries is subdivided into two *subphratries; and these subphratries are subdivided into an indefinite number of totem clans. Ibid. (1888), XXIV. 810/1. The main branchings [of a genealogical tree] were termed ‘phyla,’ their branchings *‘subphyla.’

1846.  Grote, Greece, II. ii. II. 324. Twelve *sub-races, out of the number which made up entire Hellas.

1894.  W. Walker, Hist. Congreg. Ch., 299. With the two Edwardean divines … Emmons and Dwight,—the New Divinity may be said to have divided into two *subschools.

1824.  Southey, Sir T. More (1831), I. 362. Every Sect and every *Sub-sect has its magazine.

1868.  Gladstone, Juv. Mundi, iv. 112. Myrmidon, probably as a *subsept of the Achaians.

1798.  in Nicolas, Disp. (1845), III. 49. He divided his force into three *Sub-squadrons.

1882.  A. Macfarlane, Consanguinity, 15. Each lineal ancestor forms a stock and his family breaks up into *sub-stocks.

1879.  in Willis & Clark, Cambridge (1886), III. 226. The *sub-Syndicate are of opinion that it would be undesirable.

1670.  Rec. Presbyt. Inverness (1896), 2. To remitte the same [sc. names] … with the Moderator to the Bishope to y^e fors^d *Subsynode.

1885.  Athenæum, 28 Feb., 279/1. li the squadron is preferable to the troop as a *sub-unit.

  (b)  in derived adjs.; e.g., subphratric pertaining to a subphratry.

1887.  J. G. Frazer, Totemism, Contents p. viii. *Subphratric and Phratric Totems.

1896.  W. Mackay, Rec. Presbyt. Inverness, 45. Among the *subsynodical refers read to-day.

  c.  of a region or an interval of time, as in SUBDISTRICT; e.g., sub-age a division of an age.

1878.  Lockyer, Stargazing, 2. The Telescopic age … divides itself naturally into some three or four *sub-ages of extreme importance.

1826.  Kirby & Sp., Entomol., IV. 485. [Latreille] proposes further to divide his climates into *subclimates by means of certain meridian lines.

1867.  G. F. Chambers, Astron. (1877), 23. The interval 11.11^y being divided into two unequal *sub-intervals of 4.77^y and 6.34^y.

1898.  Jrnl. Sch. Geog. (U.S.), Oct., 286. The *sub-province known as the Great Plains.

1852.  Grote, Greece, II. lxxii. IX. 200. Each satrapy was divided into *sub-satrapies or districts.

1909.  Daily Chron., 29 June, 4/6. Cleveland,… stands with Holderness, Hallamshire, and Richmondshire as a *sub-shire of Yorkshire.

  d.  of a branch leading from or into the main body, or a subordinate section of a business or system of affairs; = branch-; e.g., sub-bureau a bureau depending on the principal bureau, sub-cash a deposit of cash at a branch, sub-office a branch office.

1896.  Pop. Sci. Monthly, Feb., 572. The bureau will be aided … by *sub-bureaus.

1705.  De Foe, Consolidator, Wks. 1840, IX. 354. They brought all their running cash into one bank, and settled a *sub-cash, depending upon the grand bank, in every province of the kingdom.

1909.  Install. News, III. 29/1. Where wood casing is desired to be used for the *sub-circuits.

1892.  Daily News, 16 Sept., 5/4. A portion of the *sub-creek referred to, now being converted into a peaceful fishpond.

1804.  Edin. Rev., V. 16. The other [college] is to consist of *sub-departments, one in each county.

1897.  Mary Kingsley, W. Africa, 139. Stopping at little villages to land passengers or at little *sub-factories to discharge cargo.

1844.  H. Stephens, Bk. Farm, I. 564. Where *sub-mains are employed in particular hollows, the ground comprehending the drainage belonging to each hollow should be distinctly marked off from the rest. Ibid. A sub-main drain should be made along the lowest part of the hollow.

1907.  Nature, LXXVI. 554/2. The *submeter system is free from the objection of first cost to a great extent.

1876.  Preece & Sivewright, Telegraphy, 264. Every *sub-office on a circuit is called by the head office at the hour of commencing work.

1881.  Chicago Times, 17 June. Regarding the formation of a pool, the report … recommends three *sub-pools.

1901.  Daily Chron., 27 Dec., 3/4. The Hammersmith *sub-post-office.

1862.  H. Spencer, First Princ., II. xiv. § 113 (1875), 324. The once independent *sub-sciences of Electricity, Magnetism, and Light.

1861.  N. Davis, Carthage, 34. *Subsewers, and other unseemly and unsightly objects.

1891.  Advance (Chicago), 12 March. *Substations at convenient distances for the issuance of rations.

1901.  Scotsman, 2 March, 12/5. Continuous current distribution from sub-stations.

1855.  [J. R. Leifchild], Cornwall, 89. Divided lengthwise into other *sub-veins.

  8.  With advb. force, combined with adjs. and vbs. = in a subordinate or secondary manner or capacity, by subsidiary means.

1812.  Coleridge, in Lit. Rem. (1836), I. 366. The real value of melody in a language is considerable as *subadditive.

1716.  M. Davies, Athen. Brit., II. 368. His Monarchia Dei is directed against the Heathens for subjoyning and *subadoring several essentially subdistinguish’d Deities.

1901.  Daily News, 20 Feb., 6/5. The Assiut dam will be subsidiary to that at Assuan, inasmuch as it is … to be used *sub-conjunctively to that at Assuan.

1860.  O. W. Holmes, Prof. Breakf.-t., ii. The *‘subcreative centre,’ as my … friend has … called man.

1890.  Academy, 4 Jan., 7/3. Its anonymous author has *sub-entitled this book ‘A New Story by an Old Hand.’

1897–8.  Amer. Jrnl. Psych., IX. 580. Pronunciation of an adjective … seems to *subexcite association tracts representing substantives.

1871.  Earle, Philol. Engl. Tongue, § 464. The pronoun I … has … a sort of reflected or borrowed presentiveness;—what may be called a *sub-presentive power.

1828–9.  Bentham, Offic. Apt. Maxim., On Militia (1830), 4. The united wisdom and eloquence of the ruling one and the *sub-ruling few.

  9.  (a) On the analogy of SUBDIVIDE and SUBDIVISION, sub- is used to denote a further division or distinction; e.g., sub-classify, sub-decimate; sub-articulation; (b) on the analogy of SUBCONTRACT sb. and v., SUBINFEUDATION, SUBLET, to denote a second or further action or process of the same kind as that denoted by the radical; e.g., sub-colonize to colonize from a colony, sub-infer to draw as a further inference, sub-rent to rent from one who himself rents; sub-culture a culture of bacteria derived from a previous culture, sub-derivative a derivative of a derivative, sub-fraction a fraction of a fraction; sub-purchaser one who purchases from a previous purchaser, sub-reformist one who carries out a further reform, sub-vaccinee one who is vaccinated with lymph from a vaccinated person; sub-secession a secession from a body that has seceded.

1867.  in Farrar, Ess. Lib. Educ., 330. To imitate the copiousness and *subarticulation of Cicero’s periods.

1894.  in 37th Rep. Columb. Inst. Draf & Dumb (1895), 9. We are required to have *subclassifications by which we may know the … specialized work to which it devotes itself.

1897.  Daily News, 16 March, 2/2. Abolition of sub-classification is recommended.

1909.  Daily Chron., 3 June, 3/3. If you *sub-classify 55,000 Germans into men, women and children.

1820.  Q. Rev., XXIII. 73. A dependency upon that colony, from which it was *sub-colonized.

1704.  J. Macmillan, True Narr., in H. M. B. Reid, Camer. Apost. (1896), 236. They draw a *subconsequence, which is this, that it was contrar the protest and agreement.

1664.  Power, Exp. Philos., Pref. 12. All the fixed lights of Heaven are generally concluded to be pure Fire, and so consequently fluid also, and then *subconsequentially in motion also.

1896.  Allbutt’s Syst. Med., 719. Large colonies [of bacteria] on *sub-cultivation will frequently appear as small ones. Ibid. (1899), VII. 550. Growth … in *subcultures may be recognisable within four hours.

1736.  Bailey (folio), Pref. To *Subdecimate … to divide into tenths … as 10 Thousand into Hundredths.

1845.  Jowett, Lett. to B. C. Brodie, 28 March. [Rome] has defined, and *subdefined, and deduced, and *subdeduced.

1856.  R. A. Vaughan, Mystics (1860), I. VI. vi. 209. Every definition and *subdefinition would be open to some doubt.

1884.  Law Rep., 13 Q. B. Div. 466. Long leaseholds, which he had mortgaged by *sub-demise.

1880.  Westm. & Chelsea News, 2 Oct. Advt., A shop and Dwelling House … held for a term of 99 years, and *subdemised at £80 per annum.

1614.  Raleigh, Hist. World, I. 142. For these *subderiuations [of the Turks] it were infinite to examine them.

1834.  H. N. Coleridge, Grk. Poets (ed. 2), 9. The modern derivative will, at some stage or other of its history, have been treated as an original substantive word … and associations connected only with its primary modern senses will have given birth to *subderivatives from it.

a. 1661.  Fuller, Worthies, Wiltshire (1662), III. 150. Succeeding Princes, following this patern, have *sub-diminished their coin ever since.

1823.  Bentham, Not Paul, 371. The name and person of his own *sub-disciple Apollos.

1643.  J. M., Sov. Salve, 26. To let in a deluge of forrein forces and so yet further *subdistract the remnant.

1662.  Petty, Taxes, 13. How many retailers are needful to make the *subdistributions into every village of this nation.

a. 1676.  Hale, Prim. Orig. Man., II. iv. (1677), 157. And possibly these variously *subdiversified according to the phantasy of the Artificer.

1863.  Reade, Hard Cash, III. 74. What on earth was left for poor Dr. Wolf to do? Could he *sub-embezzle a Highlander’s breeks?

1652.  Observ. touching Forms Govt., 38. Constrained to epitomize, and *subepitomize themselves so long till at last they crumble away into the atomes of Monarchie.

1666.  Lond. Gaz., No. 42/2. The Farmers of his Majesties Revenue of the Hearth-Duty, intending to *Sub-Farm several Counties.

1764.  Gibbon, Misc. Wks. (1814), III. 224. The lands were perhaps subfarmed by individuals.

1638.  in Dom. State Papers, 321. For seizure made by the *sub-farmers.

1612.  W. Colson, Gen. Tres., Art Arith., A aa b/2. *Subtraction, or fraction of fraction, as ¹/₂ of ¹/₂.

1817.  Colebrooke, Algebra, etc., 14. Assimilation of subfractions, or making uniform the fraction of a fraction.

1857.  Buckle, Civiliz., I. ix. 568. The great lords having granted lands on condition of fealty and other services to certain persons, these last *subgranted them.

1885.  Law Rep., 28 Chanc. Div. 121. An agreement of *sub-guarantee by which the signatories guaranteed the signatories of the original guarantee against loss.

1889.  W. Rye, Cromer, 32. The *subholding created by Richard de Berningham.

a. 1656.  Bp. Hall, Rem. Wks. (1660), 409. From the force then of this relation it is easily *subinfered that it is not lawful for Christian Churches … to forsake the communion of each other.

1905.  British Medical Journal, 27 May, 1141. The injection in small amounts will not serve to infect the *subinoculated animal.

1902.  Daily Chron., 26 Nov., 6/6. The final *sub-lodger was squeezed out upon the landing for his sleeping-place.

1884.  Law Times, 29 Nov., 80/1. The mortgagees in fee of an hotel *sub-mortgaged to their bankers in 1879.

1883.  Law Times Rep. (N.S.), XLIX. 556/1. The defendants last added are *sub-mortgagees of the trustee.

1872.  E. W. Robertson, Hist. Ess., 242. The client of that age was apparently a *sub-occupier of public land under his Patronus.

1866.  Law Rep., 1 Q. B. Cases 589. On his seeking to get the pawn back from an insolvent *sub-pawnee. Ibid. If the pawnee may repledge the pawn, the *sub-pledgee may do the same, and so on ad infinitum.

1755.  Gentl. Mag., XXV. 354. They have successively come into the hands of many *sub-proprietors.

1855.  Hyde Clarke, Dict., *Sub-purchaser.

1643.  Sir T. Browne, Relig. Med., I. § 54. The Church of Rome condemneth us, wee likewise them, the *Sub-reformists and Sectaries sentence the Doctrine of our Church as damnable [etc.].

1826.  Bell, Comm. Laws Scot., I. 67. Possession of the *subrents.

1902.  R. Bagot, Donna Diana, ii. 13. An apartment he had *sub-rented from a wealthy American widow.

1897.  Advance (Chicago), 24 June, 813/1. $500 of income from *sub-rental.

1849.  Hooker, Himal. Jrnls. (1854), I. xvii. 388. Through the medium of several *sub-renting classes.

1880.  Burton, Reign Q. Anne, I. ii. 66. *Sub-secessions from the successive seceding bodies.

1680.  W. Allen, Peace & Unity, Pref. 80. These seperations and *sub-seperations.

1894.  Daily Tribune (N.Y.), 5 July. In not all of the cities is administration *sub-sold to confederated crime and to blackmailed business.

1895.  Pop. Sci. Monthly, April, 767. A *subspecialized descendant of an ancient generalized group.

1846.  D. King, Lord’s Supper, vii. 214. An endless splitting and *subsplitting of distinctions.

1897.  Mary Kingsley, W. Africa, 393. These native sub-traders have very risky lives of it.

1900.  R. Whiteing, in Century Mag., LIX. 493/2. The minister of the interior … whose touches thrill by devolution and *subtransmission throughout the mighty system.

1897.  Allbutt’s Syst. Med., II. 592. All the *sub-vaccinees of the vaccinifer (who himself subsequently suffered from erysipelas) did not suffer from erysipelas.

1873.  Routledge’s Young Gentl. Mag., 85. *Sub-variation on White’s thirteenth move.

  10.  Math. Compounded with adjs. expressing ratio, sub- denotes a ratio the opposite of that expressed by the radical element, as in L. subduplus SUBDUPLE, subtriplus SUBTRIPLE, late L. submultiplus SUBMULTIPLE; e.g., subdecuple = denoting the ratio 1 : 10, † subdouble = SUBDUFLE, † subnovitripa·rtient = 1 : 9³/₈, i.e., 8 : 75, subsesquitertial = 3 : 4, subsuperparticular, etc. Analogously, in SUBDUPLICATE, etc., the prefix is employed to express the ratio of the square (etc.) roots of quantities; but these compounds have been sometimes erron. used for subduple, etc. (cf. quot. 1657 below).

  This use is modelled (in late L.) on that of Gr. ὐπο-, as in ὐποδιπλάσιος, late L subduplus. Ratios of this kind were called ὐπόλογοι, the opposite πρόλογοι, ὐπο- app. expressing the notion of ‘proportion of lesser inequality.’ (Another arithmetical use of the Greek and Latin prefixes is unrepresented in Eng.; viz. that exemplified in ὐπότριτος, L. subtertius, lit. ‘a third less,’ i.e., denoting a ratio ²/₃ : 1, i.e., 2 : 3.)

1570.  Billingsley, Euclid, 128. Comparing the lesse quantitie to the greater, it [sc. proportion] is called submultiplex, subsuperparticular, subsuperpartient, submultiplex superparticular, and submultiplex superpartient.

1648.  Wilkins, Math. Magic, I. vii. 47. As one of these under Pulleys doth abate halfe of that heavinesse which the weight hath in it self, and cause the power to be in a sub-duple proportion unto it, so two of them doe abate halfe of that which remains, and cause a subquadruple proportion betwixt the weight and the power; three of them a subsextuple, four a suboctuple. Ibid., 50. If unto this lower Pulley there were added another, then the power would be unto the weight in a subquintuple proportion. If a third, a subseptuple.

1652.  Urquhart, Jewel, 288. It would bear the analogy … of a subnovitripartient eights; that is to say,… the whole being the Dividend, and my Nomenclature the Divisor, the quotient would be nine, with a fraction of three eights; or yet more clearly, as the Proportion of 72. to 675.

1653.  H. More, Antid. Ath., I. vi. § 4 (1712), 19. The Notion of Sub-double, which accrued to that Lead which had half cut away.

1657.  Hobbes, Absurd Geom., Wks. 1845, VII. 375. It is but subquad[r]uplicate, as you call it, or the quarter of it, as I call it.

1674.  Jeake, Arith. (1696), 209. As the Series of the Numbers from the Units place are continued in a decuple proportion … so their value decreaseth in a subdecuple proportion.

a. 1696.  Scarburgh, Euclid (1705), 181. The proportion is Subsuperparticular, and named Subsesquialteral, which is thus noted ²/₃. Ibid. Subsuperpartient, as 5 to 8, or ⁵/₈ is subsupertriquintal: and 10 to 14, or ¹⁰/₁₄ is Subsuperbiquintal.

1709–29.  V. Mandey, Syst. Math., Arith., 37. Proportion Subduple, Subtriple, Subsesquialter, Subsuperbipartient.

1728.  Chambers, Cycl., s.v. Ratio, 3 to 2 is in a Sesquialterate Ratio; 2 to 3 in a Subsesquialterate.

1732.  B. Robinson, Anim. Oecon., 267. These Quantities of Food are nearly in Ratios compounded of the simple and subquadruplicate Ratios of these Lengths of the Bodies.

1795.  T. Maurice, Hindostan (1820), I. I. ii. 75. The length of human life is diminished … in a subdecuple ratio.

  III.  Next below; near or close (to); subsequent (to). (As a living prefix sub- is restricted in this sense to prepositional uses: the advb. use is seen in SUBSEQUENT.)

  11.  Near to (a particular region or point), as in L. suburbānus SUBURBAN; e.g., SUB-BASAL, SUBDORSAL, SUB-LITTORAL, SUBMARGINAL.

  Such words are often capable of another analysis (see 20 d).

  12.  Geog. and Geol. a. Lying about the base of or subjacent to mountains designated by the second element, hence, of less height than mountains of similar height to these, characteristic of regions of such altitude, as L. subalpīnus SUBALPINE; e.g., sub-Andean, -Andine, SUBAPENNINE, sub-Etnean, sub-Himalayan. Hence in the name of a district, e.g., Sub-Himalaya(s.

1875.  Encycl. Brit., III. 744. The fourth and last Subregion of South America … may be most fitly named the *Subandean.

1885.  Linn. Soc. Jrnl., Bot., XXII. 6. A *subandine as well as an andine zone.

1833.  Lyell, Princ. Geol., III. 76. The marine *sub-Etnean beds.

1850.  Ansted, Elem. Geol., Min., etc. 358. The formations composing the Sewalik hills, which have sometimes been called the *Sub-Himalayans.

1851.  Jrnl. R. Geog. Soc., XXI. 59. The Siwalik or sub-Himalayan range.

1851.  Mantell, Petrifactions, v. § 1. 413. Bones of mammalia from the *Sub-Himalayas.

1883.  Proc. R. Geog. Soc., V. 617. The tertiaries of the Sub-Himalaya.

  b.  Denoting a region or zone adjacent to or on the borders of that designated by the second element; e.g., subantarctic, -frigid, -torrid.

1875.  Encycl. Brit., III. 745. Spheniscidæ, a family limited to the Antarctic or *Subantarctic Ocean.

1909.  (title) The Subantarctic islands of New Zealand.

1880.  Dana, Man. Geol. (ed. 3), 609. The corresponding zones in latitude … are 1. Equatorial, Lat. 0°–15°…. 6. *Subarctic, 58°–66°.

1895.  Forum, June, 468. There was once a widespread delusion in the *sub-arid belt … that rainfall follows the plough.

1852.  Dana, Crust., II. 1472. Its southern portion … appears to pertain … to the *Subfrigid [Region].

1896.  Yearbk. U.S. Dept. Agric., 631. The *subhumid region.

1852.  Henfrey, Veget. Eur., 103. The regions which may be distinguished on the West side of the Scandinavian Alps are:—1. The Maritime region; 2. The *Subsylvatic region; 3. The Subalpine region; and 4. The Alpine region.

1852.  Dana, Crust., II. 1510. The genus Porcellana has but two-thirds as many species in the temperate as in the torrid zone. Yet the *subtemperate region contains but one less than the *subtorrid.

  13.  Mus. Designating a note next to or next below some principal note, as in med.L. subprincipālis SUBPRINCIPAL; e.g., SUBTONIC. (Cf. 4.)

  14.  Combined with adjs. with the sense ‘of lower condition or degree (or size) than’ that denoted by the original adj.; e.g., sub-angelical, -divine, -judicial, -maximal, -miliary, -regal. Also (U.S.) in adjs. expressing an inferior educational status, as sub-fresh (also -freshman), -primary.

  This sense tends to blend with 19.

1652.  Benlowes, Theoph., Pref. Man … is of all Creatures *sub-angelical the Almighties Masterpiece.

1608.  Hieron, Defence, II. 83. These … maye be called conformable to the Canonicall or *subcannonical.

1610.  Donne, Pseudo-martyr, 185. Nor know we whether they will pleade Diuine Law, that is, places of Scripture, or *Sub diuine Law, which is interpretation of Fathers.

1652.  Bp. Hall, Invis. World, I. § 2. O ye glorious Spirits … he that made you hath given us some little glimpse of your subdivine natures.

1893.  Congregationalist (Boston), 21 Sept. Enrollment as freshmen or *‘sub-fresh’ in the City College.

1896.  Living Topics Cycl. (N. Y.), II. 264. Classical, scientific and mechanical *sub-freshman classes.

1808.  Bentham, Sc. Reform, 67. All other persons who bear any part in the cause:—Judge, *subjudicial officers, parties.

1872.  Swinburne, Under Microscope, 79. ‘Ah, my lord…,’ says the jackal to the lion … ‘observe how all other living creatures belong but to some *sub-leonine class.’

1890.  W. James, Princ. Psychol., I. 235. *Submaximal nerve-irritations.

1880.  A. Flint, Princ. Med., 194. The ultimate *submiliary granula coalesce to make … nodules.

1896.  Allbutt’s Syst. Med., I. 560. The body can resist the action of *subminimal doses of living bacteria.

1890.  Syd. Soc. Lex., Subminimal stimulus, a stimulus which is not strong enough to produce any obvious effect.

1898.  Advance (Chicago), 17 Feb., 206/2. The institution has never had a *sub-preparatory department, as several of the young colleges have.

1895.  Proc. 14th Conv. Instr. Deaf, 293. In *subprimary work there is surely an interesting field for the constructive talent.

1810.  Lamb, Lett. to T. Manning, 2 Jan. The ordinary titles of *sub-regal dignity.

1878.  H. M. Stanley, Dark Cont., I. xv. 390. His sub-regal court.

1907.  Nature, LXXVI. 146/1. *Subthermal baths, given at temperatures below blood heat.

  15.  Zool. In names of divisions of animals regarded as having only imperfectly developed the characteristics denoted by the word to which sub- is prefixed, as Subgrallatores, Submytilacea, Subungulata. English derivatives have been occas. formed; e.g., subostracean, a mollusk of the family Subostracea; subplantigrade, of or resembling the group Subplantigrada, not quite plantigrade.

1836.  Penny Cycl., V. 313/2. [De Blainville] allows that these last ought to form a distinct genus of the family of *Subostraceans.

1883.  Encycl. Brit., XV. 434. The greater number of the Carnivora … may be called *‘subplantigrade,’ often when at rest applying the whole of the sole to the ground.

  16.  In craniometry, forming adjs. designating a type of skull having an index next below that of the type denoted by the second element; e.g., subbrachycephalic, -ous (hence -cephaly), subdolichocephalic, -ous (hence -cephalism).

  These terms are based on Broca’s classification, who used the L. forms (masc. pl.) subbrachycephali, -dolichocephali.

1863–4.  Thurnam, in Mem. Anthropol. Soc., I. 461. With M. Broca, it is desirable to admit a *sub-dolichocephalic and a *sub-brachycephalic class [of skulls]. Ibid., 510. Only about half [the skulls] are brachycephalous or *sub-brachycephalous.

1878.  Bartley, trans. Topinard’s Anthrop., II. xii. 499. Low stature, woolly hair, black skin, and *sub-brachycephaly.

1895.  Smithsonian Rep., I. 515. His cephalic index falls down to *subdolichocephalism.

1896.  Keane, Ethnol., xii. 321. The shape of the head … is … here and there mesaticephalous and even *sub-dolichocephalous.

1890.  Billings, Nat. Med. Dict., *Sub-mesaticephalic, having a cephalic index of 75 or 76.

1890.  H. Ellis, Criminal, iii. 52. Out of thirty criminals eight presented brains and skulls of a … capacity only found in *submicrocephalic subjects.

1863–4.  Thurnam, in Mem. Anthropol. Soc., I. 473. All these crania are very dolichocephalous. The first … is a remarkable specimen of synostosis…. The form is *sub-scaphocephalic.

  17.  In the names of certain sectaries, = after, consequent upon, the opposite of SUPRA- (q.v.); e.g., SUBLAPSARIAN, SUBMORTUARIAN.

  18.  In designations of periods immediately ‘below’ or posterior to a particular period, as in SUBAPOSTOLIC.

1910.  Encycl. Brit. (ed. 11), XII. 59. The following stages in the glaciation of North America:… The Aftonian (1st interglacial). The *sub-Aftonian or Jerseyan (1st glacial).

1902.  Encycl. Brit., XXXI. 57. [Bugelkanne] is found everywhere in the area, made of various local clays, and it long survived into the ‘Geometric’ or *sub-Mycenaean period.

  IV.  Incomplete(ly), imperfect(ly), partial(ly).

  * with adverbial meaning.

  19.  Prefixed to adjs. or pples. of a general character, as in L. subabsurdus somewhat absurd, subobscūrus SUBOBSCURE; e.g., subanalogous somewhat similar, subaudible imperfectly, slightly or barely audible. (The precise force of sub- may vary contextually from ‘only slightly’ to ‘not quite, all but.’)

1870.  Lowell, Study Wind., 291. A thimbleful of … *subacidulous Hock.

1767.  Phil. Trans., LVII. 417. Little seeds *subanalogous, or somewhat resembling those we find in the fructification of the Fucus’s.

1839.  Lever, Harry Lorrequer, vi. The faint *sub-audible ejaculation of Father Luke, when he was recovered enough to speak.

1884.  A. Lang, Custom & Myth, 236. A *sub-barbaric society—say that of Zululand.

1668.  H. More, Div. Dial., I. xxxvii. I. 160. This *subderisorious mirth.

1822–34.  Good’s Study Med. (ed. 4), I. 330. The mixture *sub-diluted for bathing.

a. 1734.  North, Life Ld. Kpr. North (1742), 228. The Spaniards have peculiar Councils, call’d Juntos,… which prevents such *sub-emergent Councils as these [sc. English cabinet councils].

1842.  Loudon, Suburban Hort., 17. *Sub-evergreen herbaceous plants are: Œnothera biennis and several other species, Pentstemon, Chelone, Asters.

1854.  Badham, Halieut., 180. Others, *subgregarious in their taste, swim about in small detached parties.

1903.  Geikie, Text-bk. Geol. (ed. 4), I. 18. The coronal atmosphere … consists mainly of *subincandescent hydrogen.

1864.  Spectator, 31 Dec., 1508. The sky is still *subluminous.

1892.  Zangwill, Bow Myst., 87. A curious, *sub-mocking smile.

1807.  Spirit Publ. Jrnls., XI. 84. I swam with *subnatant tadpoles, I frisked with volatile newts.

1866.  Odling, Anim. Chem., 154. I now add to the free iodine some *suboxidised substance.

1650.  Milton, Tenure of Kings, 59. Not prelatical, or of this late faction *subprelatical.

1817.  Kirby & Sp., Entomol. (1818), II. 277. A *subputrescent stalk of Angelica.

1618.  Hales, in Gold. Rem., II. (1673), 23. That δυσωπία, that *subrustick shamefastness of many men.

1865.  Pall Mall Gaz., 11 Nov., 9. It might be imagined that the advertisement conveyed a *subsarcastic touch.

1876.  Nature, XIV. 503/2. The *Sub-Semitic languages of Africa.

1877.  Swinburne, Note on C. Brontë, 11. Its superhuman or *subsimious absurdity.

1881.  Westcott & Hort, Grk. N. T., II. 230. What may be called *‘subsingular readings’ which have only secondary support.

1786.  Phil. Trans., LXXVI. 319. Both of them immersed in *subtepid water.

a. 1734.  North, Exam., III. vii. (1740), 549. This put abundance of People of *subvirile Tempers, into a Twitter.

1620.  Venner, Via Recta, viii. 164. A *Subvulgar Diet is as it were a meane between the Accurate, and Vulgar.

  (b)  Such compounds are occas. used subst.

1635.  Person, Varieties, II. 63. By this subdeficiency then, the Ayre, and they within it, seemes but to goe about from Occident to Orient of its own proper motion. Ibid., 64. Whether that thing engendred bee a Star, or any other celestiall vertue, whereunto this *subdeficient striveth to attaine.

1633.  Earl Manch., Al Mondo (1636), 86. There be certaine *subsapients so worldly wise, as they thinke all other men insipients.

  20.  In technical use, chiefly Nat. Hist.

  A small proportion only of the more commonly used compounds are illustrated here.

  a.  With adjs. of color, as in L. subalbidus somewhat white, whitish, sublīvidus somewhat livid, subniger blackish, subviridis greenish, late or mod.L. subcitrīnus SUBCITRINE, subpallidus (for suppallidus) palish, subrūfus (for surrūfus) reddish; e.g., subalbid, -luteous, -pale, -red, -virid.

c. 1530.  Judic. Urines, II. viii. 33 b. Vryne pale or *subpale. Ibid., x. 37. Rudy vryne is moyst like fyne golde, and *subrufe goldysshe. Ibid., xi. 39, marg. Rede or *subrede vryne. Ibid., xii. 41. Vryne Rubicunde or *Subrubicunde. Ibid., xiii. 42. Afore y^t vryn were Rubie or *subrubie.

1590.  Barrough, Meth. Physick, II. viii. (1596), 84. If his spittle … be yealow and *subpale.

1656.  Blount, Glossogr., *Sub-albid, somewhat white.

1657.  Tomlinson, Renou’s Disp., 300. Seseli hath lignous … *subrubeous … surcles. Ibid., 610. A *subrufe ponderous Powder.

1661.  Lovell, Hist. Anim. & Min., 212. Tethyia. If red is edible, the pale and *subluteous are bitterish.

1694.  Salmon, Bate’s Dispens. (1713), 217/2. Of a *subvirid or greenish blue Colour. Ibid., 339/1. A *Subrubid or Livor coloured soft Calx.

1742.  Phil. Trans., XLII. 125. A large tough *subrubicund Polypus.

1777.  T. Percival, Ess., I. 192. The portion with cantharides … neither assumed a *sublivid, nor an ash colour.

1800.  Shaw, Gen. Zool., I. 490. Didelphis Obesula,… *Subferruginous Opossum. Ibid. (1802), III. 397. Coluber Nasicornis,… *Subolivaceo-flavescent Snake. Ibid. (1803), IV. 556. Holocentrus Bengalensis,… *Subfulvous Holocentrus. Ibid. (1804), V. 282. Raja Pastinaca,… *Subolivaceous Ray. Ibid. (1809), VII. 272. Strix Caspia,… Subluteous Owl.

1815.  Stephens, in Shaw’s Gen. Zool., IX. 84. Of a *subrufous chesnut. Ibid. (1817), X. 626. *Subtestaceous Warbler, spotted with brown.

1846.  Dana, Zooph. (1848), 664. Colour *subminiaceous.

1847.  Proc. Berw. Nat. Club, II. v. 242. Elytra … of a dark *sub-æneous green. Ibid., 248. The margin often *sub-piceous.

1852.  Dana, Crust., I. 395. The legs are *subochreous.

1887.  W. Phillips, Brit. Discomycetes, 13. Margin … *subcinnamomeous.

1898.  Syd. Soc. Lex., *Subflavous ligament, short ligaments of yellow elastic tissue connecting the lamina of the vertebræ.

1900.  Westm. Gaz., 29 June, 2/1. Her complexion *sub-olive.

  b.  With adjs. denoting surface texture, contour, or marking, substance, consistency, composition, taste, odor, as in L. subācer somewhat acrid, subacidus SUBACID, subdūrus somewhat hard, subsalsus saltish, mod.L. sublānātus somewhat woolly; e.g., subacerb, -acrid, -coriaceous, † -dure, -granular, -ate, -ated, -ose, -hornblendic, -membranous, -stony, -villose, -villous.

1638.  Rawley, trans. Bacon’s Life & Death (1650), 40. It must be ordered that the Juyce of the Body, bee somewhat hard, and that it be fatty, or *subroscide.

1657.  Tomlinson, Renou’s Disp., 259. Its sapour is very sweet, *subamare, austere and somewhat aromatical. Ibid., 382. [Dates] are … soft, but carnous, *subdure within.

1676.  Grew, Anat. Plants (1682), 246. Spirit of Nitre is a *subalkalizate Spirit. Ibid., 247. Spirit of Salt is a *subalkaline Acid.

1694.  Salmon, Bate’s Dispens. (1713), 248/2. These Tinctures are hot and dry, *substringent.

1694.  Phil. Trans., XVIII. 15. A *subsaline and somewhat austere Serum.

1699.  Evelyn, Acetaria (1729), 129. Its pinguid, *subdulcid, and agreeable Nature.

1702.  Phil. Trans., XXIII. 1165. Alga Marina is *Subacrid and Sweet. Ibid., 1171. The Roots are sweet and *subacerbe.

1756.  P. Browne, Jamaica, 75. Its fibres are always rigid and *subdiaphane.

1760.  J. Lee, Introd. Bot., III. iv. (1765), 169. Sarmentose; when they are Repent and *subnude.

1777.  Pennant, Brit. Zool., IV. 3. A *sub-cordated body.

1777.  S. Robson, Brit. Flora, 117. Leaves ovato-oblong, *subpilose. Ibid., 131. Branches *subvillose.

1781.  Phil. Trans., LXXX. 375. A spissid *subpellucid liquid.

1785.  Martyn, Rousseau’s Bot., xxvi. (1794), 387. The stem is *subherbaceous.

1787.  trans. Linnæus’ Fam. Plants, 494. Legume rhombed, turgid, *subvillous. Ibid., 547. Pappus sessile, *subplumy. Ibid., 584. Seeds … *submembranous, inverse-hearted. Ibid., 683. Berry *substriated.

1792.  Withering, Bot. Arrangem. (ed. 2), III. 226. Tremella Nostoc.… *Sub-gelatinous.

1817.  Kirby & Sp., Entomol. (1818), II. 418. Both … have the material which diffuses their light included in a hollow *subtransparent projection of the head. Ibid. (1843), II. 44. Their abdomen swollen into an immense *subdiaphanous sphere filled by a kind of honey.

1822.  J. Parkinson, Outl. Oryctol., 192. The operculum is small, elliptical, and *subosseous. Ibid., 201. Voluta digitalina: decussated, *subgranular.

1824.  R. K. Greville, Scot. Cryptog. Flora, II. pl. 110. The surface covered with a minute *subpulverulent substance.

1826.  Kirby & Sp., Entomol., III. 338. An internal *submembranaceous tooth or process.

1828.  Stark, Elem. Nat. Hist., II. 420. Axis slender, horny, or *sub-stony in the centre.

1829.  Loudon, Encycl. Plants (1836), 15. Leaves … *sub-coriaceous. Ibid., 591. Leaves subcordate sessile serrate *subvillous. Ibid., 1023. *Substriate or rugose.

1833.  Hooker, in Smith’s Eng. Flora, V. I. 46. Leaves *subopaque.

1833–4.  J. Phillips, Geol., in Encycl. Metrop. (1845), VI. 562/2. An irregular … bed … of serpentine … exhibits … a *sublaminated structure.

1839.  De la Beche, Rep. Geol. Cornwall, etc. iii. 64. The latter with a *sub-schistose structure.

1839.  G. Roberts, Dict. Geol., *Sub-lamellar..., extremely thin, like a sheet of paper.

1842.  Percival, Rep. Geol. Connect., 32. A dark grey *sub-porphyritic, *sub-hornblendic rock.

1846.  Dana, Zooph. (1848), 451. Branchlets … *subterete and proliferous. Ibid., 590. Base *subgranulous.

1847.  Proc. Berw. Nat. Club, II. v. 236. Body slightly pubescent or *subglabrous.

1847.  W. E. Steele, Field Bot., 201. Bracts small, *sub-foliaceous.

1849.  Dana, Geol., xvii. (1850), 632. Hypersthene … having a pearly or *submetallic lustre.

1870.  Hooker, Stud. Flora, 196. Fruit compressed, obovate, *subhispid.

1871.  W. A. Leighton, Lichen-Flora, 27. Apothecia lecanorine or *sub-biatorine.

1880.  Günther, Fishes, 66. Slender *subossified rings.

1895.  J. W. Powell, Physiogr. Processes, in Nat. Geog. Monogr., I. 1. The interior of the earth is in a *subfluid condition.

  c.  With adjs. expressing shape, conformation, or physical habit, as in mod.L. subæquālis SUBEQUAL, subamplexicaulis slightly amplexicaul, subobtūsus somewhat obtuse, subrepandus somewhat repand, subsessilis SUBSESSILE; e.g., sub-acuminate, -arborescent, -cordate, -ated, -hooked, -lunate, -repand, -simple.

1752.  J. Hill, Hist. Anim., 131. The *sublong and transversely radiated Buccinum.

1756.  P. Browne, Jamaica, 101. The *subarborescent Polypodium with a large lobed foliage.

1775.  J. Jenkinson, Linnæus’ Brit. Plants, 148. The silicula is *subcordate. Ibid., 162. Crowfoot Cranesbill with two flowers on each peduncle, *subpeltated.

1777.  S. Robson, Brit. Flora, 71. Leaves reniform, *subpeltate. Ibid., 124. Leaves *subhastate. Ibid., 138. Clusters *subimbricate. Ibid., 145. Petals *sublanceolate. Ibid., 159. Leaves lineari-lanceolate, *subserrate. Ibid., 170. Peduncles uniflorous, *subcorymbose. Ibid., 188. Leaves ovate, obtuse, *subcrenate. Ibid., 262. Females *subpedunculate. Ibid., 290. Leafits ovate, *subciliate. Ibid., 296. Leaves … lanceolate, *sublaciniate. Ibid., 304. Stem almost simple, *subventricose.

1785.  Martyn, Rousseau’s Bot., xxiii. (1794), 321. The stem-leaves oblong and *Subsinuous. Ibid., 446. Balm of Gilead Fir has the leaves *subemarginate.

1787.  trans. Linnæus’ Fam. Plants, 180. Cor[olla]. Universal not uniform, *subradiate. Ibid., 188. Petals five, endnick-inflected, *subunequal. Ibid., 282. Germ wedge-form, angular, *subpedicel’d. Ibid., 534. Cor[olla]. Compound *subimbricated. Ibid., 761. Seeds … flat inwards, *subconvex outwardly. Ibid., 763. Villous-murex’d without, with *subrevolute margins.

c. 1789.  Encycl. Brit. (1797), III. 447/2. The florets *subpedicellated, or standing on very short flower-stalks.

1800.  Shaw, Gen. Zool., I. 264. *Sub-auriculated dusky Seal. Ibid. (1802), III. 588. The tail abruptly *subacuminate. Ibid. (1809), VII. 313. Subcristated ferruginous Shrike.

1815.  Stephens, in Shaw’s Gen. Zool., IX. 92. Tail wedge-shaped with *sublunate ferruginous fasciæ. Ibid. (1817), X. 381. *Subcrested Flycatcher. Ibid. (1819), XI. 519. Beak … the apex *subtruncate.

1819.  G. Samouelle, Entomol. Compend., 93. Hands externally *subserrated.

1821.  S. F. Gray, Brit. Plants, II. 3. Leaflets … *sub-auricled at the base.

1822.  W. P. C. Barton, Flora N. Amer., II. 71. Corolla *sub-campanulate, five-lobed.

1822.  J. Parkinson, Outl. Oryctol., 38. *Subpediculated masses. Ibid., 56. With thick lamellæ windingly plaited, *subcristated. Ibid., 74. Granulated and *subdentated striæ. Ibid., 131. The mouth *subreniform, with five prominent lips. Ibid., 223. Pecten discors: *subinequivalved. Ibid., 224. Plicatula tubifera: *subirregular.

1823.  R. K. Greville, Scot. Cryptog. Flora, I. pl. 46. Plants somewhat crustaceous or *substipitate.

1826.  Kirby & Sp., Entomol., III. 170. The Libellulina MacLeay (whose metamorphosis that gentleman has denominated *subsemicomplete, a term warranted by their losing in their perfect state the mask before described). Ibid., 319. In Scolia … &c.,… the antennæ are … in the females convolute or *subspiral. Ibid., 427. [The labial palpi] being most frequently filiform or *subclavate.

1826.  Crouch, Lamarck’s Conchol., 15. Shell transverse, *subequivalve, inequilateral. Ibid., 18. Shell *subtransverse. Ibid., 19. Shell … *sublobate at the base. Ibid., 20. Shell inequivalve,… the superior margin rounded, *subplicate.

1829.  Loudon, Encycl. Plants (1836), 7. Leaves ovate acute *sub-repand. Ibid., 17. Peduncle axillary *subracemose. Ibid., 701. Leaves *subamplexicaul.

1833.  Hooker, in Smith’s Eng. Flora, V. I. 107. The mouth truncated *subciliated. Ibid., 108. Stem … *subsimple.

1839–47.  Todd’s Cycl. Anat., III. 376/2. The coracoid … is a strong, *subcompressed, *subelongate bone.

1842.  Penny Cycl., XXII. 53/1. Shell … painted with … transverse, *subfasciculated lines.

1846.  Dana, Zooph. (1848), 461. Branchlets *subdigitiform. Ibid., 527. Branches … *subdilatate at apex.

1847.  W. E. Steele, Field Bot., 11. Heads *subumbellate.

1847.  Proc. Berw. Nat. Club, II. v. 240. Posterior tarsi with the first and last joints *subelongated. Ibid. (1849), vii. 372. With two curved *subpedicled claws.

1849.  Dana, Geol., App. I. (1850), 702. *Sub-alate above, sub-orbiculate behind. Ibid. (1852), Crust., II. 703. The exterior plates of the abdomen have a triangular *subobtuse termination.

1853.  Royle, Mat. Med., 641. Leaves solitary, flat, *subpectinate.

1854.  Hooker, Himal. Jrls., I. iii. 86. The larger, white flowered, *sub-arboraceous species prevailed.

1856.  W. Clark, trans. Van der Hoeven’s Zool., I. 728. Shell … furnished with small auriculæ, *subgaping at the side. Ibid. (1858), II. 390. Upper mandible with tip *subhooked.

1863.  J. G. Baker, N. Yorksh., 195. A native of Italy and Provence, which has been noted in a *subspontaneous state about the Yore.

1870.  Hooker, Stud. Flora, 224. Campanulaceæ … filaments free or *subconnate. Ibid., 301. Corolla ¹/₂ in., *subcampanulate. Ibid., 348. Shrubby, 1–5 ft., rarely *subarboreous (10–20 ft.).

1887.  W. Phillips, Brit. Discomycetes, 145. Mouth *subconnivent.

1898.  Syd. Soc. Lex., *Subvermiform, shaped somewhat like a worm.

  d.  With adjs. denoting position, as in SUBCENTRAL, SUBLATERAL; e.g., sub-ascending, erect, -internal, -opposite, -terminal.

1787.  trans. Linnæus’ Fam. Plants, 501. Cor[olla] papilionaceous…. Keel lanced, *subascending. Ibid., 761. Petals four … *subopposite to the calyx-divisions.

1822.  J. Parkinson, Outl. Oryctol., 208. Cancellated by transverse keels and *suboblique vertical striæ.

1826.  Crouch, Lamarck’s Conchol., 18. Ligament marginal, *subinternal.

1826.  Kirby & Sp., Entomol., III. 376. The *Subinterno-medial Nervure. Ibid., The *Subexterno-medial Nervure. A nervure that … intervenes between the externo-medial and interno-medial. Ibid., 383. Postfurca…. A process of the Endosternum, terminating in three *sub-horizontal acute branches, resembling … the letter Ｙ.

1828.  Stark, Elem. Nat. Hist., II. 149. Peduncles of the eyes short and thick, and the eyes *subterminal.

1829.  Loudon, Encycl. Plants (1836), 269. Leaves about 12 *sub-erect.

1832.  Lindley, Introd. Bot., 94. If the angle formed by the divergence is between 10° and 20°, the vein may be said to be nearly parallel (subparallela). Index, *Subparallel.

1833.  Hooker, in Smith’s Eng. Flora, V. I. 24. Leaves … *subsecund rigid canaliculate.

1852.  Dana, Crust., II. 1184. Setæ … on the two *subultimate joints all shorter than the joints.

1856.  Woodward, Mollusca, 207. Peristome thin,… nucleus *sub-external.

1870.  Hooker, Stud. Flora, 474. Branches all *subradical or o.

1880.  Günther, Fishes, 473. Cleft of the mouth vertical or *sub-vertical.

1843.  Florist’s Jrnl. (1846), IV. 53. The plant has a rambling, *subscandent habit.

1901.  Jrnl. Sch. Geog., Nov., 329/3. The channel walls are usually *sub-parallel and nearly straight.

  e.  With adjs. designating geometrical forms, as in mod.L. subcylindricus somewhat or approximately cylindrical, subtriangulāris SUBTRIANGULAR; e.g., subconic(al, -cylindric(al, -pentagonal (= five-sided, but not forming a regular pentagon), -oblong, -spherical, -spheroidal.

1752.  J. Hill, Hist. Anim., 91. The oblong Amphitrite … is of a *subcylindric figure.

1786.  Phil. Trans., LXXVI. 166. A … Helix of a *subconical form.

1787.  trans. Linnæus’ Fam. Plants, 255. Anthers *suboblong. Ibid., 469. Berry subglobular, *subconic.

1792.  Withering, Bot. Arrangem. (ed. 2), III. 164. Thickly set with very small *sub-sphæroidal Tubercles.

1798.  Phil. Trans., LXXXVIII. 440. He derives this variety, which he calls *subpyramidal, from a decrease of three rows of molecules, at the angles of the base of the two pyramids of the primitive rhomboid.

1804.  Shaw, Gen. Zool., V. 294. Raja Giorna,… *Subrhomboid brown Ray. Ibid., 425. *Subquadrangular-bodied Trunk-Fish.

1817.  Stephens, in Shaw’s Gen. Zool., X. 501. Beak *subcylindrical, more or less thickened.

1819.  G. Samouelle, Entomol. Compend., 83. The fourth [abdomen joint] *subquadrate. Ibid. Shell *subcircular.

1822.  J. Parkinson, Outl. Oryctol., 56. A[lcyonium] trigonum.—Carnous, cellular, *subtrigonal. Ibid., 80. The stars *subpentagonal. Ibid., 116. Echinus rupestris.—*Subelliptical. Ibid., 221. Pinna subquadrivalvis … *subtetragonal. Ibid., 228. Terebratula alata: *subtrigonate, dilated.

1823.  R. K. Greville, Scot. Cryptog. Bot., I. pl. 31. Sporidia numerous *subsphærical. Ibid., 52. Orbicular, *subhemispherical.

1826.  Crouch, Lamarck’s Conchol., 26. Shell oblong, *subparallelipipedal. Ibid., 32. Spire very short, *sub-conoidal.

1838.  Penny Cycl., XII. 269/1. Body … *Subprismatic.

1847.  Proc. Berw. Nat. Club, II. v. 250. Thorax … elongate, *sub-parallelo-grammic.

1852.  Dana, Crust., I. 193. Carapax broad *subrhombic.

1870.  Hooker, Stud. Flora, 163. Umbels when in flower *subhemispheric.

1877.  Huxley, Anat. Inv. Anim., vi. 272. A *subquadrate labrum overhangs the mouth.

1830.  Günther, Fishes, 38. The præoperculum, a *sub-semicircular bone.

1887.  W. Phillips, Brit. Discomycetes, 301. A single layer of *subcubical cells.

  f.  With adjs. denoting a numerical arrangement or conformation, as in mod.L. subbifidus, subtrifidus imperfectly bifid, trifid, subūniflōrus having one or two flowers only or most commonly one; e.g., subbifid, -bipinnate, -trifid (-3-fid), -triquetrous.

1777.  S. Robson, Brit. Flora, 238. Stem *subtriquetrous … spike distich, involucrum monophyllous. Ibid., 284. Leaves *subbipinnate. Ibid., 287. Leaves *subtripinnate.

1816.  Edwards’ Bot. Reg., II. 130 b. Terminal lobe largest and *subtrilobate.

1821.  W. P. C. Barton, Flora N. Amer., I. 10. Calix *sub-bilabiate. Ibid., 55. Folioles ovate,… *sub-trilobed.

1822.  J. Parkinson, Outl. Oryctol., 126. The ambulacral lines *subbiporous. Ibid., 179. One short *subbifid cardinal tooth. Ibid., 215. The forepart beaked, *subbiangulated.

1829.  Loudon, Encycl. Plants (1836), 5. Nect[ary] wavy *sub-3-fid. Ibid., 25. [Leaves] rugose *sub 3-lobed. Ibid., 679. Leaves villous *sub-bipinnatifid at base.

1836.  Penny Cycl., V. 312/2. Valves *sub-bilobated by the depression or emargination.

1852.  Dana, Crust., II. 769. The specimen … has all the three anterior pairs of legs *subdidactyle.

1857.  T. Moore, Handbk. Brit. Ferns (ed. 3), 48. Pinnæ … *sub-unilateral.

1870.  Hooker, Stud. Flora, 114. Fragaria elatior … flowers *sub-1-sexual. Ibid., 208. Leaves broad, *sub-2-pinnatifid. Ibid., 364. Perianth irregular, *sub-2-labiate. Ibid., 379. Leaves alternate subbifarious or secund. Ibid., 469. Capsules *sub-2-seriate on the segments.

1876.  Harley, Royle’s Mat. Med., 376. Ovary *sub-trilocular.

  g.  Med., as in SUBACUTE; e.g., subchronic not entirely chronic, more chronic than acute; subcrepitant, -crepitating, -resonant, -tympanitic; subfebrile, -pyrexial.

1834.  J. Forbes, Laennec’s Dis. Chest (ed. 4), 77. There is only perceptible a very slight dull whistling…. This variety of the phenomenon may be denominated *subsibilant respiration.

1849–52.  Todd’s Cycl. Anat., IV. 1402/1. Some slight *subinflammatory condition which varicose veins readily take on.

1853.  Markham, Skoda’s Auscult., 284. The crepitating râle becomes *sub-crepitant, announcing the presence of œdema. Ibid., 122. No distinctive line can be drawn between crepitating, *sub-crepitating, and mucous râles.

1896.  Allbutt’s Syst. Med., I. 561. Beginning with minute *sublethal doses of fully virulent poisons. Ibid. (1897), II. 175. This *sub-pyæmic condition seems invariably to have supervened. Ibid., 427. In some cases a *subicteric tinge is observed. Ibid., 1137. A *subtympanitic or even a Skodaic note may be elicited. Ibid., III. 678. The whole tumour … is uniformly dull, unless on deep percussion, when a *subresonant note is elicited. Ibid., 894. A *sub-hepatic abscess due to disease of an appendix attached to an undescended cæcum. Ibid. (1898), V. 20. An habitually *subpyrexial temperature. Ibid., 527. A *subfebrile temperature. Ibid. (1899), VII. 679. A form of subacute or *subchronic ophthalmoplegia.

  h.  Forming advs, corresponding to adjs. of any of the above classes, as in SUBACUTELY.

1833.  Hooker, in Smith’s Eng. Flora, V. I. 79. Leaves … *subtrifariously imbricated.

1846.  Dana, Zooph. (1848), 683. Branchlets often *subreticulately coalescing. Ibid. (1852), Crust., I. 167. Hand externally *sub-seriately small tuberculate.

1863.  J. G. Baker, N. Yorksh., 194. A species which … grows *subspontaneously in one or two places.

1870.  Hooker, Stud. Flora, 115. Potentilla fruticosa … leaves *subdigitately-pinnate. Ibid., 222. Stem rigid leafy *subcorymbosely branched.

1871.  W. A. Leighton, Lichen-flora, 12. *Subtransversely arranged in little heaps.

1888.  Q. Jrnl. Geol. Soc., XLIV. 150. The fallen masses weathering *subspherically.

  2.  With vbs., as in L. subaccūsāre to accuse somewhat, subīrascī to be somewhat angry; e.g., sub-blush, -cachinnate, -deliquesce, -effloresce, -irasce, -understand; † subinnuate to hint gently; † submurmurate, to murmur gently or quietly.

1767.  Sterne, Tr. Shandy, IX. xviii. Raising up her eyes, *sub-blushing, as she did it.

1822.  Blackw. Mag., XII. 67. This *subcachinnating method of dissipating his spleen.

1806.  G. Adams’ Nat. & Exp. Philos. (Philad.), I. App. 549. Sulphat of Ammonia *Subdeliquesces. Ibid., 550. Borax *Subeffloresces.

c. 1645.  Howell, Lett. (1650), III. ix. 19. The most speculative … men *subinnuating that not only the sphear of the Moon is peepled.

1783.  Parr, Lett. to Rev. C. Burney, 8 Nov. You see I *subirasce.

1653.  Urquhart, Rabelais, II. vi. 31. *Submurmurating my horarie precules.

1716.  M. Davies, Athen. Brit., III. 77. Their Master Blondel survening, and *subunderstanding it.

  ** with adjectival meaning.

  22.  With sbs. denoting action or condition, in the sense ‘partial, incomplete, slight’; as in late L. subdēfectio slight failure; e.g., sub-animation, -saturation; Med. often = ‘less than the normal, mild, gentle’; e.g., sub-delirium, -purgation; also occas. with sbs. denoting material objects, e.g., sub-country, sub-relief.

1906.  Daily News, 23 Feb., 7. His speech had something of the *sub-animation which marks his later style.

1908.  Westm. Gaz., 13 May, 12/1. The London *sub-country.

1898.  Syd. Soc. Lex., *Subcrepitation, the noise of subcrepitant râles.

1635.  Person, Varieties, II. 63. Albeit the Heaven, Fire, and Ayre move in a circular motion, yet they move not all alike,… the Ayre as neerest to the Earth, is slower than the other two. By this *subdeficiency then, the Ayre … seemes but to goe about from Occident to Orient of its own proper motion.

1834.  J. Forbes, Laennec’s Dis. Chest, 235. With *subdelirium and other signs of cerebral congestion.

1818.  Art Preserv. Feet, x. If such men cannot be dignified with a full diploma … it would be well if some species of *sub-graduation could be adopted.

1634.  Bp. Hall, Contempl., N. T., IV. Martha & Mary. The just blame of this bold *subincusation; Lord, dost thou not care?

1855.  Dunglison, Med. Lex., *Subinflammation, a mild degree of inflammation, so slight as hardly to deserve the name inflammation…. Lymphatic engorgements, scrofula, herpes, and cancer he [Broussais] considered subinflammations.

1664.  H. More, Myst. Iniq., 213. A modest *subinsinuation of the most perfect and full persecution.

1825.  Lamb, Elia, II. Stage Illusion. The exquisite art of the actor in a perpetual sub-insinuation to us, the spectators,… that he was not half such a coward as we took him for.

1872.  T. G. Thomas, Dis. Women (ed. 3), 47. The enfeebled woman is more liable to *subinvolution [of the uterus], passive congestion, and displacements, after delivery, than the strong.

1753.  Chambers’ Cycl., Suppl., *Subpurgation, subpurgatio, a word used by some writers to express a gentle purgation.

1894.  Archæologia, LV. 28. *Sub-relief is the name I propose to give to that kind of sculpture which is by some called Egyptian relief.

1806.  G. Adams’ Nat. & Exp. Philos. (Philad.), I. App. 531. With the termination ous, when there is a *sub-saturation.

1897.  Allbutt’s Syst. Med., III. 177. The solvent relation of the bodily fluids to the material of gouty deposits is simply a question of saturation or subsaturation.

1898.  Syd. Soc. Lex., *Subsensation, a moderate or lesser sensation.

1855.  Fraser’s Mag., LI. 264. By acts of daily self-denial and much *subsustentation of body.

1817.  Kirby & Sp., Entomol. (1818), II. 424. The … *sub-transparency of the adjoining crust.

  23.  Chem. In names of compounds sub- indicates that the ingredient of the compound denoted by the term to which it is prefixed is in a relatively small proportion, or is less than in the normal compounds of that name; e.g., subacetate an acetate in which there are fewer equivalents of the acid radical than in the normal acetate, a basic acetate.

[1839.  Ure, Dict. Arts, 1085. The neutral state of salts is commonly indicated by their solutions not changing the colours of litmus, violets, or red cabbage; the sub-state of salts, by their turning the violet and cabbage green; and the super-state of salts, by their changing the purple of litmus, violets, and cabbage, red.]

1797.  Phil. Trans., LXXXVIII. 23. *Subcarbonate of potash being dropped into the solution. Ibid., 24. The fourth portion being boiled with 4 grains of *sub-phosphate of lime. Ibid. (1801), XCI. 197, note. A *subcarburet of potash. Ibid., 236. A real carbonate of *suboxide of copper. Ibid. (1802), XCII. 159 * note. It is … calomel, plus an insoluble *subnitrate of mercury. Ibid., 329. *Sub-borate of soda (borax).

1805.  Saunders, Min. Waters, 374. A *sub-sulphat of iron.

1807.  T. Thomson, Chem. (ed. 3), II. 547. This [muriate of lead] being in the state of *submuriate.

1807.  Aikin, Dict. Chem., II. 23/2. A white *sub-nitrated oxyd. Ibid., 25/2. An acetite or *sub-acetite.

1819.  Brande, Man. Chem., 427. An insoluble *subacetate of copper.

1819.  J. G. Children, Chem. Anal., 311. A solution of a *suburate.

1826.  Henry, Elem. Chem., I. 646. This liquid Dr. Davy calls *sub-silicated, fluoric acid. Ibid., II. 289. The *sub-tannate contains 1¹/₂ time as much base as the neutral tannate.

1833.  Phil. Trans., CXXIII. 263. *Subsesquiphosphate of soda.

1838.  T. Thomson, Chem. Org. Bodies, 152. *Subcrenate of lead is obtained by mixing subacetate of lead with crenic acid.

1854.  Jrnl. Chem. Soc., VII. 26. *Subplatino-tersulphocyanide of mercury.

1857.  Miller, Elem. Chem., Org., x. § 1. 585. *Subcyanide of copper, Cu₂ Cy.

1859.  Mayne, Expos. Lex., 1221/1. *Subsulphurous acid, i.e., containing less than sulphurous but more than hyposulphurous acid.

1871.  Jrnl. Chem. Soc., XXIV. 999. *Subfluoride of silicon.

1892.  Photogr. Ann., II. 229. A latent image of *sub-bromide of silver.

1899.  Allbutt’s Syst. Med., VIII. 516. Ammoniated mercury … is chiefly employed; but *subchloride (calomel) has a very similar action.

  V.  24. Secretly, covertly, as in L. subaudīre to SUBAUD, subintrōdūcĕre to SUBINTRODUCE, subornāre to SUBORN; e.g., SUBAID.

  VI.  25. From below, up, (hence) away, as in L. subdūcĕre to draw up or away, SUBDUCE, SUBDUCT, subsistĕre to stand up, SUBSIST, subvertĕre to turn up, overturn, SUBVERT.

  This is the etymol. sense of the prefix in SUCCOUR, SUFFER, SUGGEST, SUSCEPTION, SUSPICION, SUSPIRE, SUSTAIN.

  b.  Hence sub- implies taking up so as to include, as in SUBSUME; so in the nonce-wd. subinclude vb., whence subinclusively adv.

1818.  G. S. Faber, Horæ Mosaicæ, II. 137. The Law, which may well be viewed as subincluding its predecessor the Patriarchal dispensation. Ibid. (1840), Prim. Doctr. Regen., 107. The females, as help-meets, were to be viewed as subincluded with the males. Ibid. (1851), Many Mansions, 14. Thus, again, subinclusively, the Official Dress of the High-Priest respected, in its arrangement, the System of the World.

  VII.  26. In place of another, as in L. subdĕre to put in place of another (see SUBDITITIOUS), substituĕre to SUBSTITUTE; e.g., † sub-elect to choose to fill another’s place.

1600.  Holland, Livy, XXXIX. xxxix. 1049. The … assembly for subelecting of a Pretour in the place of the deceased.

  VIII.  27. In addition, by way of or as an addition, on the analogy of L. subjungĕre to SUBJOIN, subnectĕre to SUBNECT; e.g., subinsert vb.

1621.  Brathwait, Nat. Embassie, 144. Therefore haue I subinserted this Satyre [viz. a 13th at the end of a set of 12].

  ¶ 28.  Detached from the sb. to which it belongs it is used quasi-adj. in co-ordination with adjs. or attrib. sbs. qualifying the same sb.

1840.  J. Buel, Farmer’s Companion, 45. Trench ploughing mixes the sub with the surface soil.

1891.  Pall Mall Gaz., 4 Dec., 6/3. The central, sub, and executive committees have been appointed.

  ¶ 29.  Repeated (in senses of branch II) to denote further subordination or subdivision.

1651.  C. Cartwright, Cert. Relig., I. 41. The many Religions which are lately sprung up, and the sub, sub, sub-divisions under them.

1811–31.  Bentham, Logic, App. Wks. 1843, VIII. 289. Divisions, sub-divisions, and sub-subdivisions.

1868.  Spencer, Princ. Psychol. (1870), I. 266. A particular feeling of redness associates itself irresistibly … with the sub-class of visual feelings, with the sub-sub-class of reds.

1902.  Daily Chron., 29 April, 3/5. Under sub-contracts or sub-sub-contracts.

1905.  R. de Cordova, in Macm. Mag., Dec., 126. This [catalogue] was divided, re-divided, subdivided, and sub-sub-divided in every conceivable sort of way.