Stand v.

Forms: see below. [A Com. Teut. strong verb, in most of the Teut. langs. more or less defective, certain parts being supplied by a synonymous defective verb from the same ultimate root (see below). The OE. standan (stǫndan), pa. t. stód, stódon, pp. pple. ʓestanden, corresponds to OFris. stônda, pa. t. pl. stôdon, pa. pple. stenden; OS. standan, pa. t. stôd (stuod), stôdun (stuodun), pa. pple. -standan; MLG. imp. stant, pa. t. stôt, stôden, also nasalized stunt, stunden (mod.LG. pa. t. stund, stunden); MDu. standen, pa. t. stond, stonden, Flem. stoet, stoeden, pa. pple. † gestanden (mod.Du. pa. t. stond, stonden); OHG. stantan, pa. t. stuont, pl. stuondum, -stuotun, pa. pple. -stantan (MHG. inf. rare standen, pa. t. stuont, pa. pple. gestanden; mod.G. imp. † stand, pa. t. stand, pl. standen, earlier † stund(e etc., pl. † stunden etc., pa. pple. gestanden); ON. standa, pa. t. stóþ, pl. stóþom, pa. pple. staþenn (Norw. standa, pa. t. stod, pa. pple. stadet, stande etc.; MSw. standa, pa. t. stóþ, pl. stóþo, pa. pple. standin, also staþin; mod.Sw. pa. t. stod, pl. stodo, pa. pple. stånden; Da. † stande, stonde, pa. t. stod, pl. stode, pa. pple. † standet); Goth. standan, pa. t. stōþ, pl. stōþum (pa. pple. unrecorded).

  In OTeut. the forms of the verb were probably as follows: pres.-stem stand-, perfect sing. stōþ-, plural stōđ-; formed, with suffix -nd- (:—pre-Teut. -nt-) in the present-stem, and -þ-, đ (:—pre-Teut. -t-) in the perfect stem, on the root *sta-: stō-:—Indogermanic *st(h)ə-: st(h)ā-, found in all branches of the family exc. Armenian and Albanian with the senses ‘to stand,’ ‘to cause to stand’: cf. Skr. sthā (pres. ind. tišṭhati, inf. sthātum), Avestic hištaiti, Gr. ἱστάναι, L. stāre, sistĕre, Lith. stojů-s I set myself, OSl. stojati, stati, OIrish táu, tó I am (:—OCeltic *stāō).

  In Ger. and Du. the n of the present stem has within historical times passed into the pa. t. The pa. pple., which this vb. prob. did not possess in OTeut., has been variously supplied in the different langs.: the type *stađono-, which conforms to the general rule of the a, ō conjugation, is represented in ON., Norw., MSw.; the other Teut. langs., so far as they do not take their pa. pple. from the shorter form of the verb (see below) have a formation based on the present stem, as in OE. (ʓe)standen. In English the regular form of the pa. pple., standen (with the variants stande, etc.) continued until the 16th c., when its place was taken by stood from the pa. t. A few examples of a weak form standed occur in writings of the 16th c.; in compounds (understanded, withstanded) this formation was less rare, and survived into the 17th c.

  In all the Teut. langs. exc. English, Gothic, and Old Norse, the present stem has a shorter form, the OTeut. type of which varies between *stai- and *stǣ- (WGer. *stā-): in some of the langs. this is used exclusively, and in others along with the longer form *stand-. In some of the languages the earlier form of pa. pple. has been wholly or partially superseded by a new formation from the shorter present stem. The dialectal range of the shorter type will appear from the following list of typical forms (minor variations being omitted): OS. inf. stân (rare; MLG. inf. stân, pa. pple. gestân; mod.LG. inf. staan, pa. pple. staan), OLow Frankish inf. stân (MDu. inf. staen, 3 pres. ind. staet, steet, pa. pple. gestaen; mod.Du. inf. staan, pa. pple. gestaan); OFris. inf. stân, stên, 3 pres. ind. steet, pa. pple. stên (WFris. inf., 1 pres. ind. stean); OHG. inf. stân, stên (MHG. inf. stân, stên, mod.G. stehen, stehn); MSw. inf. stâ (mod.Sw. stå, pa. pple. wk. stådd); Da. inf. staa, pa. pple. staaet; Norw. inf. staa, pres. staar, stær.

  The remarkable parallel between the verbal stems *stǣ-, stai-, stand- and *gǣ-, gai-, gang- (see GO, GANG vbs.) strongly suggests that one of the two series has been assimilated to the other. The relation between the two, however, and the precise mode of formation of the shorter verbal stems from the roots, is very uncertain. For an outline of the different views, with references, see Deutsches Wb. (‘Grimm’) X. II. 1433.]

        A.  Illustration of Forms.

  1.  Infinitive (and Present stem). α. 1–2 standan, 3 Orm. stanndenn, 3–5 (7 arch.) standen, 4 stan, standd, 4–6 stande, (mod. dial. stan), 4– stand.

c. 888.  Ælfred, Boeth., xxxvi. § 3. Her ic wille nu standan fæste.

c. 1220.  Bestiary, 655. Hopeð he sal him don ut standen.

a. 1300.  Cursor M., 10956. He … sagh an angel be him stand [Gött. standd]. Ibid., 23043. Þe formast rau sal stan him nere.

1642.  H. More, Song of Soul, II. I. iii. 20. What things decay and cannot standen sure.

  β.  1 stondan, 2–5 stonden, (4–5 -yn), 2–6 stonde, 4–5 stonnd(e, stoond(en, 5 ston, stone, 4–7 stond.

c. 825.  Vesp. Psalter, xvii. 39. Ne hie maʓun stondan.

c. 1220.  Bestiary, 621. In water ȝe sal stonden.

1382.  Wyclif, Gen. xxi. 29. The which thow hast maad stoond [1388 stonde] asyde.

a. 1400–50.  Wars Alexander, 681 (Dubl.). As he by hym stonndes.

c. 1449.  Pecock, Repr., III. xvii. 394. Alle the peple … stoonden in caas of the firste trouthe.

1468.  Cal. Anc. Rec. Dublin (1889), I. 329. The wiche [covenants] shall stone ferme and stable.

1469.  Yatton Church-w. Acc. (Somerset Rec. Soc.), 105. Received of a chapman to ston in the porche, ob.

1543.  Star Chamber Cases (Selden Soc.), II. 261. Others … dyd refuse to stond to part of the covenauntes.

1642.  H. More, Song of Soul, II. App. 54. A peck of peasen rudely poured out … To sight do in as seemly order stond.

  2.  Pres. Indic. (special forms). a. 2nd sing. 3 stonst, stondes, 4 standes, 6 Sc. (erron.) stant.

a. 1225.  Ancr. R., 236. Iðet tentaciun þet tu stonst aȝean.

c. 1250.  Gen. & Ex., 2782. Ðu stondes seli stede up-on.

a. 1300.  Cursor M., 903. And þou, womman, þat standes her.

1500–20.  Dunbar, Poems, lxxxviii. 11. Imperiall as thou stant [rhyme Troynouaunt].

  b.  3rd sing. (contr.). 1–5 stent, 1, 3–5 stond, 2–4 stand, 2–5 stont, 3 stænt, stend, steond, stunt, 3–6 stant, (3 Orm. stannt), 4 standt, 4–5 stante, stande, stonte, stonde, 6 standth.

c. 888.  Ælfred, Boeth., xxxix. § 2. Sio unsælð stent on yfelra monna ʓeearnunga.

c. 1000.  Sax. Leechd., III. 32. Stond heo wið attre.

c. 1200.  Trin. Coll. Hom., 175. He … ne stont neure on one stede.

c. 1205.  Lay., 4330. Nu stond [c. 1275 steond] al þis muchele lond a Bailenes aȝere hond. Ibid., 15623. stunt. Ibid., 18850. stænt.

c. 1220.  Bestiary, 1. Ðe leun stant on hille.

1362.  Langl., P. Pl., A. X. 129. Þorw wedlac þe world stont.

1382.  Wyclif, Numb. v. 18. Whanne the womman stondith [v.rr. stonte, stonde] in the siȝt of the Lord.

1390.  Gower, Conf., II. 302. Or elles time com noght yit, Which standt upon thi destine.

c. 1420.  Chron. Vilod., 3548. Ryȝt as hit stonte zet in-to þis same day.

1426.  Lydg., De Guil. Pilgr., 4956. In the corner that stent lowe.

1471.  Caxton, Recuyell (Sommer), 177. In the place where now stante the capytole of rome.

c. 1557.  Abp. Parker, Ps. xlv. 132. As mete it stant.

1562.  J. Heywood, Prov. & Epigr. (1867), 184. He standth well in his owne conceyte.

  3.  Past Indic. a. sing. 1 stód, 2–5 stod, 3 stot, 4 stoed, 4–6 stode, stoode, 5 stodde, 6 stoade, stoud, 3– stood; north. and Sc. 4–9 stud(e, 5–9 stuid, 6 studd, stuide.

Beowulf, 1570. Leoht inne stod.

c. 1200.  Ormin, 3340. Þatt enngell comm & stod hemm bi.

c. 1250.  Gen. & Ex., 432. Wið dead him stood hinke and aȝe.

a. 1300.  Cursor M., 1852. Þe streme it stud [Gött. stod, stode] ai still in-an.

c. 1386.  Chaucer, Prol., 555. A werte, and ther on stood a toft of herys.

a. 1400.  St. Alexius, 439 (Laud 463). Out of his mouþ þer stoed a leom.

c. 1420.  Chron. Vilod., 2160. Hurre modur stodde stylle.

1508.  Dunbar, Thistle & Rose, 97. On feild of gold he stude full mychtely.

1576.  Lambarde, Peramb. Kent, 92. While Priams state, and kingdome vpright stoade.

1595.  in Cath. Rec. Soc. Publ., V. 289. [He] stoud to it manfully.

1611.  Sir W. Mure, Misc. Poems, ii. 11. I stuid astonisch’d.

1789.  Burns, Laddies by Banks o’ Nith, ii. The day he stude his country’s friend.

  b.  pl. 1 stódun, -on, 1–2 -an, 2–5 stoden, 3 Orm. stodenn, 3–6 stode, 4–5 stodyn, stooden, stod, 4–6 stoude, 4–7 stoode, 7 stowed (sense B. 36), 4– stood; north. and Sc. as sing.

Beowulf, 328. Garas stodon.

a. 1000.  Guthlac, 696. Ʒearwe stodun hæftas hearsume.

a. 1325.  Leg. Kath., 2033. As ha stoden & seten þer abuten.

1297.  R. Glouc. (Rolls), 3622. Þe saxons in hor syde stode [v.r. stoden] euere aȝen vaste.

1375.  Barbour, Bruce, XIV. 174. Thai stude with baneris all displayit.

c. 1386.  Chaucer, Clerk’s T., 1049. Of hem þat stooden [v.rr. stoden, stodyn] hire bisyde.

1557.  in Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm., Var. Coll. IV. 223. The said writynges obligatorie wher in they stoude bounden.

a. 1578.  Lindesay (Pitscottie), Chron. Scot. (S.T.S.), I. 111. Thir men that stud about him.

1633.  [see B. 36].

  4.  Present Participle. 1 standende, 1–4 stondende, 3 stondinde, 5 -and(e; north. and Sc. 4 stan(n)and, 4–5 standande, 4–6 standand, 5 standdand, 6 standant; 4–5 stondeynge, 5 -eng, 4–6 standyng(e, stonding, stondyng(e, 6 standeng, 4– standing.

c. 900.  Bæda’s Hist., IV. iv. 571. Þa stondendan munecas þær.

c. 1000.  Ags. Gosp., xx. 6. He … funde oþre standende.

c. 1225.  Stondinde [see B 1].

a. 1300.  Cursor M., 4062. Hys breþer schaues he sagh lutand Til his allan þat was standand.

c. 1375.  Sc. Leg. Saints, ii. (Paul), 1034. & fand a multytud wele greit of Iowis, stanand at his yhat.

1382.  Wyclif, Ecclus. l. 13. And he stondende biside the auter.

c. 1440.  Alphabet of Tales, 389. He contynued iij yere in his prayers, and all-way standdand.

1549.  Compl. Scot., i. 20. At this tyme thar is nocht ane stane standant on ane vthir.

a. 1578.  Lindesay (Pitscottie), Chron. Scot. (S.T.S.), I. 188. Thair they fand the doore standand oppin.

  5.  Past Participle. 1–6 standen, 1–5 stonden, 2–5 istonde, 3 istonden, 3–5 ystonde, 4–5 istounde, standyn(e, 4–6 stand(e, stond(e, 5–6 stondyn; 6 standed, stoode, stode (Sc. and north. dial. stooden, studden), 6– stood.

a. 1122.  O. E. Chron. (Laud MS.), an. 1070. In þære cyrce … þet ær hæfde standen fulle seofeniht for utan ælces cynnes riht.

c. 1175.  Lamb. Hom., 47. Þa he hefede þer ane hwile istonde.

a. 1300.  Cursor M., 9193. Þe tune o niniue … Þat standen [v.rr. stondyn, stonden] had … Fourten hundret yeir.

c. 1386.  Chaucer, Merch. T., 250. I haue stonden in ful greet degree.

1526.  Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W., 1531), 178. Hath standed & stedfastly perseuered therin.

c. 1530.  Judic. Urines, I. ii. 3. Whan it hath well rested & stondyn.

1535.  Coverdale, Ps. cv. 23. Had not Moses … stonde before him.

1577.  Googe, Heresbach’s Husb., IV. (1586), 184 b. The waxe will be verie white after it hath stand in the sunne.

1579.  Stode [see B. 72 d].

1579.  J. Field, trans. Calvin’s 4 Serm., I. 6. This article is much stoode vpon.

1596.  Dalrymple, trans. Leslie’s Hist. Scot., I. VI. 310. Because stoutlie they had stande with him in his defence.

  B.  Signification and uses.

  I.  Of persons and animals, in lit. and fig. senses.

  1.  intr. To assume or maintain an erect attitude on one’s feet (with distinction, expressed or understood, from sit, lie, kneel, etc.).

c. 950.  Lindisf. Gosp., John xx. 14. Videt Iesum stantem ʓesæh ðone hælend stondende.

c. 1205.  Lay., 5863. Lihteð of eowre blanken and stondeð on eowre sconken.

a. 1225.  Ancr. R., 34. Siggeð stondinde þesne psalm.

c. 1250.  Gen. & Ex., 3149. Sod and girt, stondende, and staf on hond.

c. 1330.  Arth. & Merl., 9276. Arthour, he seyd, þi kinde it nis To stond o fot.

1382.  Wyclif, 2 Kings xiii. 21. The man quyckened aȝeyn, and stode vpon his feet.

c. 1400.  Rule St. Benet (Prose), 16. Standande alle for þe onur of the holy trinite. Ibid. Þan sal alle stande for þe reuerence.

1529.  Rastell, Pastyme (1811), 43. He ordeynid that men shuld stand while the gospell was reding.

1577.  Googe, Heresbach’s Husb., 141. The shepheard … must be well ware in the driuing of them,… that they neyther lye, nor sitte: for yf they goe not forwarde, they must stand.

1594.  Hooker, Eccl. Pol., IV. xiii. § 7. On all the Sundayes … their manner was to stand [sc. instead of kneeling] at prayer.

1610.  Shaks., Temp., III. ii. 47. Kneele, and repeate it, I will stand, and so shall Trinculo.

1629.  Wadsworth, Pilgr., iii. 16. When they have ended the meale, the Rector … stands and sayes Grace.

1830.  Forrester, II. 111. ‘Sit down, Ellen, and dont’t be affected,’ exclaimed Pringle: ‘see, you are keeping Lord Borrodale and Mr. Beamish standing.’

1862.  C. Knight, Pop. Hist. Eng., VIII. xvi. 299. He kept the two peers standing, contrary to usage, during their audience.

  b.  said of the feet.

c. 825.  Vesp. Psalter, cxxi. 2. Stondende werun foet ure in ceafurtunum ðinum.

c. 1391.  Chaucer, Astrol., II. § 42 a. 57. Whan þou seest þe top of þe tour, sett a prikke þere-as þi foot stont.

c. 1430.  Prymer (1895), 45. We schulen worschipe in þe place where hise feet stoden.

1535.  Coverdale, Ps. cxxi. 2. Oure fete shal stonde in thy gates, O Jerusalem.

  c.  To stand to, up to, † in to the knees (or other specified part): to stand in water, mad, etc., which reaches to the knees (or other part).

c. 1330.  Arth. & Merl., 5195. In blod he stode … Of hors & man in to þe anclowe.

c. 1425.  Audelay, Pains of Hell, 68, in O. E. Misc., 212. Sum stod vp to þe kne, And sum to þe armes a lytil laȝghere, And sum to þe lippis moche deppere.

1590.  Sir J. Smythe, Disc. Weapons, Ded. 10 b. Where their souldiors in their watches and centinels stoode to the mid legges in dirt and myre.

  d.  With predicate: To be of a (specified) height when holding oneself upright. Said also of quadrupeds, etc.

1831.  Youatt, Horse, ii. 10. The Dongola horses stand full sixteen hands high.

1835.  Dickens, Sk. Boz, Mr. Watkins Tottle, i. He … stood four feet six inches and three-quarters in his socks.

1855.  Tennyson, Maud, I. XIII. i. Six foot two, as I think, he stands.

1884.  Graphic, 30 Aug., 219/2. Though he [the elephant] only stands five feet high he weighs about four tons.

1889.  Philips & Wills, Fatal Phryne, I. 4. He was not even of heroic stature, for he only stood five feet ten in his stockings.

  2.  Used fig. in many phrases with literal wording; as to stand on one’s own feet or legs, upon a (specified) † foot or footing, not to have a leg to stand on, to stand in a person’s or one’s own light (see LIGHT sb. 1 g), in (another person’s) shoes (see SHOE sb. 2 k), in the way (of a person or thing: see WAY sb.).

c. 1330.  Arth. & Merl., 9271. Al þat in his way stode, He bi-heueded hem & lete hem blode.

c. 1450[?].  Lydg., Fl. Courtesy, 85. The whiche twayne ay stondeth in my wey Maliciously.

a. 1568.  Ascham, Scholem., I. (Arb.), 34. [They] stand by other mens feete, and not by their own.

1623.  Massinger, Dk. Milan, II. i. The Duke stands now on his owne legs, and needs No nurse to leade him.

1666, 1818.  [see LEG sb. 2 c].

1738.  Swift, Pol. Conversat., Introd. 66. Upon what Foot I stand with the present chief reigning Wits.

1767.  [see SHOE sb. 2 k].

1831.  Scott, Nigel, Introd. The footing on which the bullies and thieves of the Sanctuary stood with their neighbours.

1872.  H. Kingsley, Hornby Mills, etc. I. 65. I cannot at present see that we have a leg to stand on.

1893.  Law Jrnl., 4 Feb., 88/1. Courts of equity would not grant relief to underlessees unless they consented to stand in the shoes of the original lessees.

1893.  Nat. Observer, 7 Oct., 529/2. Cricket and football stand not upon the same footing.

  3.  Of a horse: To be kept in a stable or stall. Phr. To stand at livery (see LIVERY 1 c and fig.).

1465.  Paston Lett., II. 254. As touching a stabil, Sir John Sparham and I have gote yow on ther your hors stode the last tyme ye were in this town.

1482.  Cely Papers (Camden), 122. Lette hym [a horse] ron in a parke tyll Hallowtyd and then take hym wpe and ser hym and lette hym stand in the dede of whyntter.

1538.  Elyot, Dict., Stabulo, to stande as cattayle dothe in a stable.

1577.  Googe, Heresbach’s Husb., 120. Laying fresh litter, so as they stand hard.

1607.  Topsell, Four-f. Beasts, 374. Bring him into the stable, and ther let him stand on the bit … the space of two houres.

1676.  Lond. Gaz., No. 1072/4. Gentlemens Accompts, for Horses standing in the Kings Head near Charing-cross.

1828.  Darvill, Treat. Race Horse, I. x. 240. The race-course, at Richmond, when not too hard, is the most convenient for horses which stand in the town to sweat over.

1892.  Field, 2 April, 469/3. A horse standing at livery would always have the best of food.

  4.  To remain motionless on one’s feet; to cease walking or moving on. More explicitly to stand fast, still, etc.: see esp. STILL adv.

c. 888.  Ælfred, Boeth., xxxv. § 7. Wildu dior ðær woldon to irnan & stondan swilce hi tamu wæren. Ibid., xxxvi. § 3. Her ic wille nu standan fæste; nelle ic nu næfre hionon.

a. 1300.  Cursor M., 17131. Duell a quile and fond to stan, Bihald mi fote, bi-hald mi hand.

c. 1300.  K. Horn, 745 (Laud MS.). Ne stod he nowt to longe And ȝyede forþ ricte To reymyld þe bricte.

1362.  Langl., P. Pl., A. IV. 143. [They] stareden for studiing and stooden as Bestes.

c. 1475.  Rauf Coilȝear, 121. Quhen thay come to the dure, the King begouth to stand.

1611.  Bible, Ezek. i. 21. When those went, these went, and when those stood, these stood. Ibid., 24. When they stood, they let downe their wings.

1615.  Chapman, Odyss., VI. 202. All but Nausicaa fled; but she fast stood.

1842.  Browning, Pied Piper, xiii. The Mayor was dumb, and the Council stood As if they were changed into blocks of wood, Unable to move a step.

  b.  In imper., a command to come to a halt, e.g., as a sentry’s challenge, a command to a horse, a highwayman’s order to his victim (also stand and deliver!).

1513.  Douglas, Æneis, VIII. iii. 38. To tham he callis: Stand, ȝing men, How!

1591.  Shaks., Two Gent., IV. i. 3. Stand sir, and throw vs that you haue about’ye. Ibid. (1592), Ven & Ad., 284. What recketh he his riders angrie sturre, His flattering holla, or his stand, I say?

1598.  Barret, Theor. Warres, IV. i. 103. Neither Captaine, Alferes, nor any other officer to passe the word, stand … vnlesse the necessitie be so vrgent [etc.].

1635.  Long Meg of Westminster, ix. (1816), 17. One of the theeues with a good sword and buckler stept before, and said, Stand.

1714.  A. Smith, Lives Highwaymen (ed. 2), I. 38. He order’d him to Stand and Deliver.

1727.  H. Bland, Milit. Discipl., xii. 175. The Centinel … when he is answer’d by the Sergeant who attends the Round … is to say, Stand Round.… No Round is to advance after the Centinel has Challeng’d and order’d them to stand.

1810.  Scott, Lady of L., V. xviii. ‘Stand, Bayard, stand!’—the steed obeyed. Ibid. (1821), Kenilw., xxiv. Are we commanded to stand and deliver on the King’s highway?

1897.  Encycl. Sport, I. 610/1. (Lacrosse) The ball is dead when the referee calls ‘stand.’

  c.  Hunting. Of a dog: To point. Const. upon (game).

1823.  ‘Jon Bee,’ Dict. Turf, s.v., To Stand is also the position of pointers when they perceive their game.

1858.  Lewis, in Youatt’s Dog (N.Y.), ii. 53. He [the dog] might have been tutored … even sufficiently well to stand upon game.

  5.  With predicative extension: To remain erect on one’s feet in a specified place, occupation, position, condition, etc.

  For many phrases, e.g., stand at attention, at ease, at gaze, on one’s own bottom, (on) tiptoe, perdu, upright, see the various words.

c. 1000.  Ags. Gosp., Matt. xx. 3. He ʓeseah oþre on stræte idele standan.

  c. 1200.  Ormin, 141. & all þe follc þær ute stod Þatt while onn heore bene.

1297.  R. Glouc., 6816. A witesoneday as seint edward at is masse stod.

1390.  Gower, Conf., III. 297. A Fisshere … sih a man ther naked stonde.

1530.  Palsgr., 732/3. I Stande a strydlyng with my legges abrode.

1554.  Machyn, Diary (Camden), 75. The xxiij day of November was a man and a woman stode on the pelery.

1678.  J. S., Vnerrable Church, 327. To prostitute yourself to transitorie pleasures, when you stand with one foot in the grave, at the brim of eternitie.

1711.  N. Blundell, Diary (1895), 93. I saw Peter Slinhead stand in y^e Pillery at Leverp[ool].

1786.  trans. Beckford’s Vathek (1883), 118. The woodmen … stood aghast at the command of Carathis to set forward.

1878.  Browning, La Saisiaz, 5. At last I stand upon the summit.

  b.  With inf. expressing the purposed or accompanying action.

c. 1000.  Ags. Gosp., Mark xi. 25. Þonne ʓe standað eow to ʓebiddenne.

c. 1200.  Ormin, 3894. Enngless stanndenn aȝȝ occ aȝȝ To lofenn Godd & wurrþenn.

1591.  Nashe, Prognost., D 2. Diuerse spirites in white sheetes shall stand in Poules … to make their confessions.

1630.  in Binnell, Descr. Thames (1758), 72. No Trinck shall stand to fish above nine Tides in the Week.

1643.  in Fasti Aberd. (1854), 422. [The college porter] shall suffer no children … to stand neir the year to mack urine.

1742.  Gray, Eton, 58. Ah, shew them where in ambush stand To seize their prey the murth’rous band!

1813.  Scott, Trierm., I. xiii. Upon the watch-towers airy round No warder stood his horn to sound.

1850.  ‘Bat,’ Cricketer’s Manual, (1851), 49. He [Long Leg] usually stands to save four runs.

1891.  T. Hardy, Tess, lii. While the horses stood to stale and breathe themselves.

  c.  The accompanying action is often expressed by a verb in co-ordination, to stand and (do something).

  So in many Bible passages, rendered literally from the Vulgate or the original.

c. 1000.  Ælfric, Exod. xiv. 13. Standað and ʓeseoð drihtnes mærða.

c. 1250.  Gen. & Ex., 1019. Abraham stod and quamede hem wel.

1426.  Lydg., De Guil. Pilgr., 4407. As a chaumberere, The syxte gate I stonde & kepe.

1601.  Shaks., Jul. C., IV. iii. 249. So please you, we will stand, And watch your pleasure.

c. 1655.  Milton, Sonn., xvi. They also serve who only stand and waite.

1842.  Tennyson, St. Sim. Styl., 34. I … sometimes saw An angel stand and watch me, as I sang.

1905.  R. Bagot, Passport, ii. 7. Don Agostino stood and gazed.

  d.  With pres. pple. as predicate.

a. 1225.  Leg. Kath., 743. Heo stod hercnende.

1470–85.  Malory, Arthur, IX. xxvii. 381. They stode thus talkynge at a bay wyndowe.

1566.  Pasquine in Traunce, 83. After I had stande a whyle diligently beholding such as entred in.

1697.  Dryden, Virg. Past., VIII. 4. The salvage Linxes listning stood.

1737.  [S. Berington], G. di Lucca’s Mem., 34. It was a shame to stand all Day firing at five Men.

1842.  Macaulay, Horatius, lx. Friends and foes in dumb surprise … Stood gazing where he sank.

  e.  With sb. as predicate, e.g., to stand sentinel, sentry (see SENTINEL sb. 1, SENTRY sb.¹ 2), umpire. To stand model, to pose to artists. To stand pad: see PAD sb.²

1866.  Routledge’s Ev. Boy’s Ann., 322. [He] had consented to stand umpire.

1890.  Cornhill Mag., Sept., 253. She has stood model to her mother’s lodgers.

1891.  ‘Lucas Malet,’ Wages of Sin, III. VII. ii. 156. I’ve stood model in all the studios worth naming in London, and Paris too for that matter.

1898.  J. A. Gibbs, Cotswold Village, xi. 229. His eldest son, Tom … generally stands umpire.

  6.  In various specific uses, contextual or arising from ellipsis:

  a.  To take up a position for fishing (for). In full, to stand to fish (cf. 5 b).

1630.  in Binnell, Descr. Thames (1758), 72. No Trincker shall stand for Smelts till the 21st Day of October…. In Lent Time, they may stand every Day.

  b.  Cricket and other games: To act as umpire in the field. (Cf. 5 e.)

1846.  W. Denison, Sk. Players, Ded. p. v. In almost every [cricket] match not played at ‘Lord’s,’ or where the Mary-le-bone, or equally respectable and disinterested and impartial umpires do not stand.

1906.  A. E. Knight, Complete Cricketer, vi. 195. No umpire who is the nominee of a particular county is eligible to stand in a game in which that county figures.

  7.  With an adverb or advb. phr. implying change of place, distance, or the like, there often enters in the notion of movement as a preliminary to the static position; e.g., in to stand aside, back, down, forward, off, out, out of, up (see branch VII).

c. 1520.  Skelton, Magnyf., 763. Gyue this gentylman rome, syrs, stonde vtter!

1597.  Shaks., 2 Hen. IV., IV. iv. 116. Stand from him, giue him ayre.

1691.  Humble Addr. Publicans New Eng., in Andros Tracts (1869), II. 236. [At end of Proem] Stand clear, here comes the Address.

1731–8.  Swift, Pol. Conversat., 39. Come, pray, stand out of my spitting Place.

a. 1814.  Fam. Politics, V. iii. in New Brit. Theatre, II. 247. Stand out of the way, Miss.

1852.  Burn, Nav. & Milit. Dict., II. s.v., Stand clear of the cable!

1867.  Smyth, Sailor’s Word-bk., Stand from under! a notice given to those below to keep out of the way of anything being lowered down, or let fall from above.

  8.  To stand on one’s head: to take up an acrobatic position, with the crown of the head on the ground and heels in air; also fig. (to be ready) to do this as a sign of extreme delight. Not to know whether one is standing on one’s head or one’s heels: to be in a state of utter bewilderment.

1617.  Moryson, Itin., I. 22. A Tumbler came in, and … stood upon his head.

1816.  M. G. Lewis, Jrnl. W. Ind. (1834), 127. Cubina … having never heard a harsh word from me before, scarcely knew whether he stood upon his head or his heels.

1833.  Nyren, Yng. Cricketer’s Tutor (1902), 58. The glory of this reward made me scarcely to know whether I stood on my head or my heels.

1886.  Miss Broughton, Dr. Cupid, II. iv. 103. Two years ago he would have stood on his head with joy at having the chance of going.

  9.  To remain firm or steady in an upright position, to support oneself erect on one’s feet. Often in negative contexts. Also with adj. or adv., as fast, firm, stiff.

c. 825.  Vesp. Psalter, xvii. 39. Ic swencu hio ne hie maʓun stondan.

a. 1300.  Cursor M., 24618. On fote vnethes moght i stand, sua lam in lime and lith.

1362.  Langl., P. Pl., A. V. 196. He hedde no strengþe to stonde til he his staf hedde. Ibid., A. IX. 28. For stonde he neuere so stif he stumbleþ in þe waggyng [of the boat].

1470–85.  Malory, Arthur, X. xxxvi. 472. This Malgryne … wounded hym wonderly sore that it was merueylle that euer he myghte stande.

1530.  Palsgr., 733/1. Stande fast, for and you fall you ar but gone.

1592.  in J. Morris, Troubles Cath. Forefathers, Ser. III. (1877), 17. The old man … by cold taken at that being in the hole, was never after able to go or stand.

1681.  Prideaux, Lett. (Camden), 102. When they came unto him for their answer he could scarce speake or stand.

1897.  A. E. Houghton, Gilbert Murray, xiv. 230. His feet touched the floor before he knew, and to his amazement he found that he could stand.

  b.  fig. To remain stedfast, firm, secure, or the like. Also with adj. or adv.

c. 1200.  Moral Ode, 316, in Trin. Coll. Hom., 229. For hit is strong te stonde longe and liht hit is to falle.

a. 1225.  Leg. Kath., 1861. Beo stalewurðe & stond wel.

1362.  Langl., P. Pl., A. IX. 42. He strengþeþ þe to stonde, he stureþ þi soule.

c. 1380.  Wyclif, Sel. Wks., III. 345. Þes monkes stoden awhile, and turneden souner to coveitise.

c. 1421.  26 Pol. Poems, xxi. 67. In goddis dome he stondis stable, Þat wrekiþ not all his owen wronges.

1552.  Huloet, Stande stiffe or wilfull in opinion, obstinare.

c. 1588.  in J. Morris, Troubles Cath. Forefathers, Ser. II. (1875), 318. Having heard much of the present conflict and persecution of England and martyrdoms of such as have stood.

1605.  Bacon, Adv. Learn., I. iii. § 6. If they stand in seditions and violent alterations.

1657.  Billingsly, Brachy-Martyrol., xi. 35. Though some thus fell away, others stood fast, Remaining glorious Martyrs to the last.

1667.  Milton, P. L., III. 99. I made him just and right, Sufficient to have stood, though free to fall.

1697.  Dryden, Ded. Æneid (e), 4. They had great success at their first appearance; but, not being of God (as a Wit said formerly), they cou’d not stand.

1855.  Macaulay, Hist. Eng., xvii. IV. 53. If it had seemed certain that William would stand, they would all have been for William.

1888.  Times (weekly ed.), 29 June, 8/1. They had stood true to the honour of Ireland.

1890.  T. F. Tout, Hist. Eng. from 1689, 164. Eldon exhorted the king to stand firm.

  c.  To stand or fall: often used fig. of a person or thing, to indicate that his or its fate is contingent on the fate of another person or thing, or must be governed by some event or rule. Const. with (a person or thing), together, also by (a rule, an uncertain event).

1683.  D. A., Art Converse, Pref. It shall stand or fall by your Verdict.

1743.  Bulkeley & Cummins, Voy. S. Seas, 87. To be governed by the Rules of the Navy, and to stand or fall by them.

1771.  Junius Lett., lix. 308. I know we must stand or fall together.

1818.  Cruise, Digest, Tit. xxxviii. vi. § 37. The original and duplicate being but one will, they must stand or fall together.

1832.  Examiner, 82/1. We have Lord Grey’s pledge to stand or fall with the bill.

1875.  Jowett, Plato (ed. 2), I. 402. The pre-existence of the soul stands or falls with the doctrine of ideas.

1885.  Law Times Rep., LIII. 481/2. In my opinion … the solicitors must stand or fall by the bills they have sent in.

  10.  To take up an offensive or defensive position against an enemy; to present a firm front; to await an onset and keep one’s ground without budging. Of soldiers: To be drawn up in battle array.

  Chiefly contextual or with predicative extension, as to stand and fight; to stand fast, firm, † adversar; to stand at bay, at defiance, in the breach, in, († at, † on) defence, on or upon one’s guard, on or upon the defensive or offensive. See also stand against (67), stand before (69).

971.  Blickl. Hom., 225. Ic mid þinum wæpnum ʓetrymed on þinum feþan fæste stande.

c. 1205.  Lay., 1601. Nes þer nan swa stæðeli þat lengore mihte stonden.

13[?].  Guy Warw., 6751. Þer he [the boar] stod at a bay.

c. 1386.  Chaucer, Clerk’s T., 1139. Ye Archiwyues, stondeth at defense.

c. 1470.  Golagros & Gaw., 575. Thoght thai war astonait, in that stour stithly thai stude.

1530.  Palsgr., 732/2. Let them come, I shall stande at my defence.

1533.  Bellenden, Livy, II. xx. (S.T.S.), I. 210. Incontinent þir twa fabis ruschit fordwart on þe first man þat stude aduersare to þame.

1577, 1610.  [see GUARD sb. 5 a].

1587.  Golding, De Mornay, i. (1592), 11. Whosoeuer shoulde tell thee to the contrary, thou wouldest stand at defiance against him.

1611.  [see BREACH sb. 7 c].

1634.  Sir T. Herbert, Trav., 32. [Queen Normall] immediately put into Battaglia, and stood in her owne defence.

a. 1700.  Evelyn, Diary, 24 June 1690. It seemes the Irish in K. James’s army would not stand, but the English-Irish and French made greate resistance.

1759.  Ann. Reg., 52. M. Conflans had two choices, either to fly, or to stand and fight it out.

1793.  R. Hall, Apol. Freedom of Press, 43. They stood firm against a host of opponents.

1816.  Scott, Old Mort., xliii. Bidding foemen on the farther side stand at defiance.

1837.  Carlyle, Fr. Rev., I. V. v. Hearing of which the Felons at the Châtelet … stand on the offensive.

1875.  Jowett, Plato (ed. 2), I. 92. The Lacedaemonians … are said not to have been willing to stand and fight, and to have fled.

1890.  T. F. Tout, Hist. Eng. from 1689, 8. The last Irish army stood at bay at Limerick.

  11.  a. To stand upon one’s trial, † to stand in doom or judgment: to submit to judicial trial or sentence. See also stand at 68 a, stand to 76 a. To stand to the bar: of an accused person, to stand up and come forward to hear the verdict of the court.

a. 1300.  Cursor M., 9492. Ne in na curt aght thral be herd, Ne stand in dom to be ansuerd.

1390.  Gower, Conf., I. 91. How so thou be to wyte Of Branchus deth, men schal respite As now to take vengement, Be so thou stonde in juggement Upon certein condicioun.

14[?].  Burgh Lawis, xxxi. in Anc. Laws Scot. (Burgh Rec. Soc.), 16. Ilke spousyt man may ansuer for his spousyt wyff and stande in iugement [et stare in iudicio] and do for hir all thyng at the court demys hym.

a. 1596.  Sir T. More, I. ii. 158. Lifter, stand to the barre: The jurie haue returnd thee guiltie.

1771.  E. Long, in Hone’s Everyday Bk., II. 202. The prisoner … stands upon his trial.

  † b.  To stand (in judgment), said of the judge or court: To hold session. Obs.

1560.  Daus, trans. Sleidane’s Comm., 7 b. That he [God] stand not in judgement agaynst us lest we be damned.

c. 1800.  Laird o’ Logie, xiv. in Child, Ballads, III. 453. The morn the Justice Court’s to stand.

  12.  To appear as a candidate, to offer oneself as a candidate. Const. for (a post, office, † university degree); † to be (an office-holder); against (a rival candidate). † In early use to stand for the election (of), to stand in election (for), stand to be elected; also to stand candidate.

1551.  Robinson, trans. More’s Utopia, II. iii. (1895), 136. Owte of the .iiii. quarters of the citie there be .iiii. chosen … to stande for the election.

1562.  in W. H. Turner, Select. Rec. Oxford (1880), 291. The two fyrste persons … shall stonde … for the eleccyon of the Mayer.

1607.  Shaks., Cor., II. i. 248. Were he to stand for Consull. Ibid., II. ii. 2. How many stand for Consulships?

1631.  Weever, Anc. Funeral Mon., 540. Who stood in election for the Popedome.

a. 1635.  Naunton, Fragm. Reg. (Arb.), 54. None durst appear to stand for the place.

1674.  Wood, Life (O.H.S.), II. 279. Thomas Thyn chose burgher for Oxon…. Sir Ch. Wren stood against him. Ibid. Sir Georg Croke stood but he had very few votes.

1678.  Walton, Life Sanderson, b 1 b. In the year 1614. he stood to be elected one of the Proctors…. They perswaded him, that if he would but stand for Proctor,… he would infallibly carry it against any Opposers.

1690.  Locke, 3rd Let. Toleration, i. (1692), 25. Had you stood to be Constable of your Parish.

1705.  Hearne, Collect., 6 Oct. (O.H.S.), I. 52. Mr. Ellison stands Candidate for Fellow. Ibid., 17 Nov., 85. Dr. Hudson stood to be Library-Keeper. Ibid. (1709), 27 Oct. II. 293. [He] stood for ye Degree of Master of Arts.

1720.  Ozell, Vertot’s Rom. Rep., II. XIII. 278. Those that stood Candidates brought their money openly to the Place of Election.

1803.  Gradus ad Cantabr., 131. To stand for an honour.

1879.  Froude, Cæsar, iv. 39. Marius began to be spoken of as a possible candidate. Marius consented to stand.

1890.  Blackw. Mag., CXLVIII. 589/2. He [Northcote] did not stand for a fellowship.

  b.  To stand for a constituency or for Parliament: to offer oneself for election as the representative of a constituency in the House of Commons; originally † to stand for burgess, etc. (obs.). † To stand double: of two candidates, to contest an election (obs.).

1676.  Ld. Roos, in 12th Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm., App. V. 35. My uncle Mr. John Grey standing for Burgess for Leicester.

1690.  Luttrell, Brief Rel. (1857), II. 16. We hear from all parts the great contests that are about the election of parliament men, that there is hardly any county or town but they stand double.

1713.  Guardian, No. 58, ¶ 5. I design to stand for our Borough the next Election.

1714.  Lady M. W. Montagu, Lett. to W. Montagu (1887), I. 89. I agree with you of the necessity of your standing this Parliament.

1844.  Disraeli, Coningsby, IV. xi. Tadpole wants me to stand for Birmingham.

1867.  Trollope, Last Chron. Barset, I. viii. 68. Dr. Thorne intended to stand for the county on the next vacancy.

1890.  Sat. Rev., 3 May, 526/2. Sir Charles … had never stood for Parliament.

  13.  Card-playing. To be willing, or announce one’s willingness, to play with one’s hand as dealt. Opposed to pass.

1824.  Mactaggart, Gallovid. Encycl., 36. When one of the gamblers stands, that is to say, will play.

1879.  H. Jones (‘Cavendish’), Card Ess., 58. [In the game of Prime,] Each then examined his hand and either stood or passed.

  14.  U.S. To stand pat: (a) [Cf. prec. and pat hand s.v. PAT adv. and a. 3 b.] In Poker, to play, or declare one’s intention of playing, one’s hand just as it has been dealt, without drawing other cards. (b) transf. To adhere to an existing state of things or to an avowed policy (esp. a high tariff), refusing to consider proposals for change or reform. Hence Stand-pat sb. and a.; Stand-patter, Stand-pattism.

1882.  Poker; how to play it, 12. The gentleman … failed to better his hand. The other stood pat.

1902.  M. A. Hanna, Sp. at Akron, Ohio. Now I say, Stand pat; you are not on the defensive.

1903.  Public Opin. (U.S.), 8 Oct., 451/2. The Republican platform is principally noteworthy for the vehemence with which its framers ‘stand pat’ upon the tariff. The father of ‘stand pattism’ himself could not find fault with the declaration that no revision is needed now.

1904.  Evening Transcript (Boston, Mass.), 16 Feb., 11/2. He … was an avowed stand-patter on the tariff. Ibid. (1910), 18 Aug., 10/5. The standpats in Iowa have been licked, and hereafter will either vote with the standpat Democrats or change their views.

  15.  Uses in which the force of the verb is weakened and approaches that of a copula, the stress being on the complement or predicative extension. a. With sb. as complement: To take or hold the office, position, responsibility, etc., indicated by the sb.; to act as; e.g., to stand security, surety; † formerly, to stand captain, king, officer, etc. Also, to be ranked or regarded as, to have legal status as. Occas. with as before the sb.

1429.  in Cal. Pat. Rolls 8 Hen. VI., 31. Non of the xxiiij aldermen xal … concentyn to be chosen er standen as an arbitrour … aghens any of the said xxiiij aldermen.

1442.  in Proc. King’s Council Irel. (Rolls), 275. For the tyme that they haue stonde your officers there.

1455.  Rolls of Parlt., V. 308/2. All the tyme that the seid Duke stode Capitayn.

c. 1470.  Harding, Chron. XXXI. vii. When he had stond so kyng by fourty yere.

1681.  Dryden, Abs. & Achit., 776. Then Kings are Slaves to those whom they command, And Tenants to their Peoples pleasure stand.

a. 1700.  Evelyn, Diary, 1 May 1680. This yeare I would stand one of the collectors of their rents, to give example to others.

1713.  Steele, Englishman, No. 5. 31. The Pretender stands in our Law a Traytor to this Nation.

1776.  Trial of Nundocomar, 22/1. If I can get any one else to stand my security.

1857.  J. W. Donaldson, Chr. Orthod., 116. Christianity stands surety for the divine origin of all that is spiritual in the creed of Moses.

1884.  Mrs. C. L. Pirkis, Judith Wynne, III. xx. 238. Oscar,… in the event of Wolf’s decease, stood next heir.

1894.  H. Nisbet, Bush Girl’s Rom., 199. The future hope of standing an honest man.

  b.  To stand godfather, godmother, sponsor; also to stand as or for godfather, etc.; also simply to stand = to act as sponsor (for a child).

  Sometimes † to be proxy for another person as sponsor.

1676.  Lady Chaworth, in 12th Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm., App. V. 28. Mr. Hide is going … to Poland to stand for our King at the King’s child’s cristening.

1706.  N. Blundell, Diary (1895), 44. My Doughter Frances was Christoned, Collo[nel] Butler stood Godfather for my Brother Lang. and Mrs. Mills stood for my Lady Gerard.

1709.  Lond. Gaz., No. 4560/2. The King of Denmark and King Augustus stood as Godfathers to a Son of the Velt-Marshal.

1710–1.  Swift, Jrnl. to Stella, 16 Jan. A girl … and died in a week … and was poor Stella forced to stand for godmother?

1742.  Richardson, Pamela, IV. 142. The Earl and Countess of C—, and Lord and Lady Davers, are here, to stand in Person at the Christening.

1766.  Goldsm., Vic. W., xx. To stand godfather to all the butler’s children.

1809.  Malkin, Gil Blas, XI. i. (Rtldg.), 392. The governor’s lady … stood for Scipio’s daughter.

1845.  D. Jerrold, Mrs. Caudle’s Curtain Lect., xvi. 93. Then she’d no right to stand for the child.

1856.  Miss Yonge, Daisy Chain, I. viii. Richard hoped they would find sponsors by that time; and there Mrs. Taylor gave little hope;… there was no one she liked to ask to stand. Ibid. (1877), Cameos, Ser. III. xv. 132. Edward … stood as the godfather.

  c.  To stand one’s friend, to act the part of a friend to another. † Formerly in other similar phrases, as to stand good prince (to), to stand (one’s) good lord.

1461.  Mem. Hexham (Surtees), I. Illustr. Docum. p. ci. Supposyng … that … Humfray hade stonde trew liegeman to Kyng Edward.

1483.  in Acts Parlt. Scotl. (1875), XII. 32/1. That his hienez sal stand jn tyme tocum gude & graciouse prince to him.

1538.  London, in Lett. Suppress. Monasteries (Camden), 217. Doctor Baskerfelde, to whom I do humblie besek your lordeschippe to stonde gudde lorde.

1571.  in Feuillerat, Revels Q. Eliz. (1908), 408. May it please your honour … to stand my good Lorde for the obtayning of the sayd office.

1598.  R. Bernard, trans. Terence, Phormio, V. iii. I pray thee stand my friend, and lend me a little mony once againe.

1605.  Shaks., Lear, II. i. 42. Coniuring the Moone To stand auspicious Mistris. Ibid. (1607), Cor., II. iii. 198. Standing your friendly Lord.

1662.  Hibbert, Body Divinity, II. 7. He stood our friend without flinching.

1677.  Dugdale, in Hatton Corr. (Camden), 149. To intreate that you will please to stand my freind to his Ma^tie.

1714.  Tyldesley, Diary (1873), 148. But honest Dick and Ben stud my ffreind.

1890.  T. F. Tout, Hist. Eng. from 1689, 109. George II. and Queen Caroline stood his firm friends.

1890.  Murray’s Mag., Dec., 824. If you tell me the truth without any more words, I’ll stand your friend, and see you through it.

  d.  With pa. pple. as complement: To be or remain in the specified condition; e.g., to stand committed, indebted, pledged. Also with adj. of state or condition, e.g., to stand free, to stand alone (in an opinion, a contest, course of action, etc.); to stand mute (see MUTE a. 1).

  Usually with reference to a condition resulting from an engagement or a decision, or ascertained by survey of a situation. I stand corrected: I accept or acknowledge the correction; so I stand reproved.

c. 1386.  Chaucer, Man of Law’s T., 557. An emperoures doughter stant allone.

1390.  Gower, Conf., III. 317. Thus stant this lady justefied.

c. 1400.  Beryn, 2636. So stond I clene desperat, but ye con help ouȝt.

1442.  Rolls of Parlt., V. 57/2. Tenementz that they stode enfeffed ynne.

1537.  in Archæologia, XXV. 506. A certen obligacyon wheryn my husband … stode bownde.

1590.  Knaresb. Wills (Surtees), I. 168. 20 markes which he standethe indebted unto me.

1591.  Shaks., Two Gent., I. iii. 60. And how stand you affected to his wish?

a. 1593.  Marlowe, Edw. II., IV. i. Stand gratious gloomie night to his deuice.

1643.  H. Leslie, Serm. St. Mary’s, Oxford, 9 Feb., 26. Of all these crimes they stand indited by the Prophets.

1668.  Dryden, Maiden Queen, V. i. I stand corrected, and myself reprove.

1717.  in Nairne Peerage Evid. (1874), 29. He had been and stood attainted of high treason.

1720.  Waterland, Eight Serm., 109. To Him the very Angels owe … whatever Excellencies and perfections they stand possess’d of.

1829.  Examiner, 756/1. We stand almost alone in this expression of taste.

1849.  Grote, Greece, II. lv. (1862), V. 30. Alkibiades stood distinguished for personal bravery.

1868.  Freeman, Norm. Conq. (1876), II. vii. 147. Let the meeting stand adjourned.

1877.  Miss Yonge, Cameos, Ser. III. iv. 37. Gloucester seems to have stood free from all suspicion.

1881.  Gardiner & Mullinger, Study Eng. Hist., I. vi. 122. The Catholics stood alone in looking for direction to a head beyond the seas.

1891.  W. B. Worsfold, in Murray’s Mag., April, 433. The delegates of the various colonies stand pledged to a series of resolutions.

  e.  With adv. or advb. phrase: To be, to continue or remain in a specified state, position, etc.

  e.g., to stand in doubt, danger; to stand in a (certain) † office, relation; to stand well or high (= to be in high favor or esteem) with a person; to stand fair (= to be favorably situated, to have good chances) for something or to do something; how do you stand (financially)? For to stand in awe see 45.

c. 1386.  Chaucer, Prol., 88. In hope to stonden in his lady grace.

1390.  Gower, Conf., I. 147. The more he caste his wit aboute, The more he stant therof in doute.

c. 1440.  Pallad. on Husb., I. 23. If hit be cleer and hool, stond out of fere.

1453.  Cov. Leet Bk., 275. Dureng the tyme that ye stonde in the seide offices.

1526.  Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W., 1531), 20 b. Than the brother demaunded of hym in what case he stode.

1530.  Palsgr., 733/1. I stande in dowt of a thyng, je me doubte.

a. 1578.  Lindesay (Pitscottie), Chron. Scot. (S.T.S.), I. 84. He stuide nocht lang in this credit.

1610.  Holland, Camden’s Brit. (1637), 329. Hee never stood in feare of them.

1662.  J. Davies, trans. Mandelslo’s Trav., 112. They stood faire to become Master of the Island.

1697.  Collier, Ess. Mor. Subj., II. (1703), 117. Men naturally desire to stand fair in the opinion of others.

1723.  Lond. Gaz., No. 6125/1. Baron Lagerberg … seems to stand fairest for that important Post.

1760–72.  H. Brooke, Fool of Qual. (1809), II. 128. I stood at a high rent.

1823.  Byron, Juan, XIII. xxiv. Juan stood well, both with Ins and Outs.

1844.  J. T. Hewlett, Parsons & W., xxi. I stand remarkably well for the Derby.

1848.  Thackeray, Van. Fair, xxi. Old Osborne stood in secret terror of his son.

1855.  Macaulay, Hist. Eng., xi. III. 14. The relation in which the King stood to his Parliament and to his ministers.

1856.  Titan Mag., Dec., 551/2. I stood very high with him; he was as fond of me as a son.

1890.  Conan Doyle, Firm of Girdlestone, x. 78. How do you stand for money?

1893.  Ludgate Monthly, Jan., 244/2. Nobody quite knew how he stood financially; he might be rich or he might be poor.

  16.  Various figurative uses with to and infinitive.

  † a.  In a negative clause (or with if, etc.): To stay, stop, wait (in order to do something); to make a point of, insist upon (doing something).

1563.  Homilies, II. Passion, II. 199 b. A thousande such examples are to be founde in Scripture, yf a man woulde stande to seeke them out.

1597.  Beard, Theatre God’s Judgem. (1612), 46. The truth of which storie, though I will not stand to auow, yet I doubt not but it might be true.

1605.  Bacon, Adv. Learn., II. xxii. § 8. The reason whereof we cannot nowe stande to discusse.

1652.  J. Wright, trans. Camus’ Nat. Paradox, X. 261. I should swell this Volume too much, if I stood to relate the particulars.

a. 1676.  Hale, Contempl., I. 30. I do not stand to justifie this Opinion in all particulars.

1730.  Lett. to Sir W. Strickland rel. to Coal Trade, 28. How rare a thing was it to hear of any body who stood to talk about the Price before hand at all?

1766.  Complete Farmer, s.v. Surveying, which we cannot stand here to treat of.

1854.  Miss Baker, Northampt. Gloss., s.v., ‘I never stand to do it’: i. e. I do not take the trouble, I am not so particular.

  † b.  In a negative clause: To hesitate, scruple, refuse, be slow (to do something). Obs. (chiefly Sc.).

1563.  J. Davidson, in Wodrow Soc. Misc. (1844), 211. I wyll nocht stand to give Mr. Quintine the First part of this reasone grantit.

1698.  Season. Admon. Gen. Assembly (1699), 11. Mr. John Hepburn standeth not to say, that some of them make a mock of serious Persons.

1712.  Caldwell Papers (Maitl. Club), I. 229. He promised, that … he would not stand to help him to purchase a place.

1728.  Ramsay, Lure, 61. T’ oblige ye, Friend, I winna stand.

a. 1800.  Dk. Athole’s Nurse, xi. in Child, Ballads, IV. 152. And the curtains they neer stood to tear them.

  † c.  To have opportunity (to do something). Said of persons and things. Obs.

1589.  Puttenham, Eng. Poesie, II. i. (Arb.), 78. That all things stand by proportion, and that without it nothing could stand to be good or beautiful.

1605.  Daniel, Philotas, I. i. Seeing your owne designes not stand to square With your desires.

1612.  Brinsley, Lud. Lit., x. (1627), 158. Orations … wherein Schollers stand to shew most art.

  d.  In betting, commercial speculation, etc.: To be in the position of being reasonably certain to (win or lose something or a specified amount); to have to (win or lose a certain amount in a specified contingency).

1861.  Temple Bar, II. 150. He stands to lose twenty thousand.

1871.  Punch, 19 Aug., 67/1. So hedging your bets … that you stand to win sufficient gloves to last you the whole season.

1880.  Mrs. Lynn Linton, Rebel of Family, i. She stood to lose all round.

1891.  Grant Allen, in Chamb. Jrnl., 27 June, 404/1. So he stands to win either way. Ibid. (1892), 8 Oct., 648/1. If a man were reckless,… he stood to dismast his ship and hopelessly ruin his chances of a smart passage.

  II.  Of things.

  * To be set upright, to be in a definite position, etc.

  17.  To be in an upright position with the lower part resting on or fixed in the ground or other support; opposed to lie. Const. on, upon (the ground, a base, etc.). Cf. sense 1.

971.  Blickl. Hom., 239. He þær ʓeseah swer standan.

c. 1200.  Ormin, 14412. Þa sexe waterrfetless Þatt stodenn wiþþ þatt waterr þær.

1375.  Barbour, Bruce, XVII. 135. Quhan thai the baner saw sympilly Swa standand.

1382.  Wyclif, 2 Kings vi. 31. Thes thingis do to me God, and thes thingis adde, ȝif the heued of Helisee, the sone of Saphath, schulde stonden vpon hym to day. [Similarly 1611, 1884; lit. from Hebrew.]

c. 1386.  Chaucer, Monk’s T., 419. But litel out of Pize stant a tour.

1470–85.  Malory, Arthur, I. xvii. 62. One of the castels that stondyn in the forest of Sherewood.

1513.  Douglas, Æneis, VI. x. 57. Thair speris stikking in the erd did stand.

1529.  More, Dyaloge, II. ix. 59/1. How longe that ymage had stande in that olde tabernacle that coulde no man tell.

1585.  Higins, Junius’ Nomencl., 183/2. Textrina,… a weauers shop or workehouse where his loomes stand.

1594.  Nashe, Unfort. Trav., E 4 b, Wks. 1904, II. 256. Her house stood vppon vaultes.

1694.  Acc. Sev. Late Voy., II. 22. When the Skies are not very clear, the Mountains stand, to about the middle, in the Clouds.

1710.  Hearne, Collect. (O.H.S.), III. 42. It [a volume] stands 4^to T. 14. Art.

1735.  Johnson, Lobo’s Abyssinia, Descr. x. 103. Two rows of sharp Teeth, standing wide from each other.

1750.  Gray, Long Story, 2. In Britain’s Isle, no matter where, An ancient pile of buildings stands.

1823.  Scott, Quentin D., v. A flagon of champagne stood before them.

1886.  Miss Sergeant, No Saint, I. i. 16. Behind the town-hall … stood the parish church.

1889.  Century Mag., June, 177/2. One of its [the prison’s] longer sides stands flush with the line of the street.

  b.  Of plants: To grow erect. Also with complement, to stand high, thick, thin, etc. Said esp. of grass, corn, etc., when left uncut to ripen.

c. 888.  Ælfred, Boeth., xxv. 57/21. Swa bið eac þam treowum þe him ʓecynde bið up heah to standanne.

c. 1205.  Lay., 26058. And sturte him biaften ane treo þe þer stod [c. 1275 stot] aneouste.

c. 1290.  S. Eng. Leg., 18/598. A fair herbe, þat men cleopez letuse, heo i-saiȝ stonde bi þe weiȝe.

1382.  Wyclif, Exod. xxii. 6. If fyer … cacche … the corn stondynge in feeldis.

1573.  Tusser, Husb. (1878), 79. Such fewell as standing a late ye haue bought, now fell it.

1585.  Higins, Junius’ Nomencl., 107/1. Seges,… corne standing and vncut downe.

1618.  W. Lawson, New Orch. & Gard., viii. (1623), 22. I haue seene many trees stand so thicke, that one could not thriue for the throng of his neighbours.

1700.  Dryden, Ovid’s Met., Acis & Galatea, 110. Red Strawberries, in shades, expecting stand.

1765.  Museum Rust., IV. 216. If the corn on this good land stood thin, we may safely conclude, that it was sown thin.

1837.  Carlyle, Fr. Rev., I. I. ii. The blossom of French Royalty … was still standing with all its petals.

1842.  Loudon, Suburban Hort., 313. If the tree is to stand four or more years.

1847.  Jrnl. R. Agric. Soc., VIII. I. 75. White wheats should stand somewhat longer. Ibid. (1858), XIX. I. 189. A piece of clover which was first mown and then allowed to stand for seed.

  c.  Hence, by hypallage, of land, To stand thick with or deep in: To be covered with a rich standing crop. (Cf. 27 b.)

1535.  Coverdale, Ps. lxiv. (lxv.) 13. The valleys stonde so thicke with corne [Luther stehen dick mit Korn] y^t they laugh and synge.

1641.  J. Jackson, True Evang. T., iii. 214. The lands stand thick with corn.

1899.  Marg. Benson & Gourlay, Temple of Mut, i. 3. The fields between the river and the hills stand deep in corn and luxuriant crops of vetch and bean.

  d.  Of the hair: To grow stiff and erect like bristles. To stand on end, up, upright: to rise up on the head as a result of fright or astonishment.

c. 1386.  Chaucer, Prol., 555. Ther on stood a toft of herys Reed as the brustles of sowes erys.

1530.  Palsgr., 733/2. Whan I passed by the churche yarde my heares stode upright for feare.

1547.  Boorde, Brev. Health (1870), 75. The .183. Chapitre dothe shewe of standyng vp of mannes heare.

1592.  Greene, Defence Conny-catching, Wks. (Grosart), XI. 72. His mustachies … standing as stiffe as if he wore a Ruler in his mouth.

c. 1611.  Chapman, Iliad, V. 593. This sight, when great Tydides saw, his haire stood vp on end.

a. 1691.  Boyle, Hist. Air (1692), 174. Their Horses Hair stood upright, like Bristles, with the vehement Cold.

1778.  Miss Burney, Evelina (1791), I. xl. 200. As for the particulars, I’m sure they’d make your hair stand on end to hear them.

1875.  Jowett, Plato (ed. 2), I. 249. When I speak of horrors, my hair stands on end.

  e.  To project in relief. (Cf. stand out, 99 i.)

1683.  Moxon, Mech. Exerc., Printing, xiii. ¶ 4. [He] Sculps out the Steel between the … Marks … on the Face of the Punch, and leaves the Marks standing on the face.

  18.  More loosely: To be set, placed or fixed; to rest, lie (with more or less notion of firmness and steadiness). Of a dish or its contents: To rest flat or on a flat base.

c. 1200.  Ormin, 1039. & bi þatt allterr stodenn aȝȝ Þatt follkess haliȝdomess, Þatt wærenn inn an arrke þær Wel & wurrþlike ȝemmde.

c. 1420.  ? Lydg., Assembly of Gods, 357. A gymlot and a fauset theropon stood.

1459.  Paston Lett., I. 490. Item, iij. pyllowes stondyng on the autre off rede felwet.

1551.  Sir J. Williams, Accompte (Abbotsf. Club), 24. Two collettes of golde, wherin standeth two course emeraldes.

1613.  Purchas, Pilgrimage (1614), 200. Milk must not stand on the table with flesh, nor touch it.

1681.  Grew, Musæum, I. § 5. i. 100. At the top of his Head, just under the Horn, stand his Eyes.

1818.  Scott, Hrt. Midl., xvii. Some food stood on the table.

1902.  R. Bagot, Donna Diana, v. 42. On which [table] stood an inkstand.

1908.  [Miss E. Fowler], Betw. Trent & Ancholme, 24. A dial, of wood, stands upon an old hewn stone in the middle.

  19.  Of a place, country, piece of ground, dwelling, etc.: To be situated in a specified position or aspect. Now chiefly of a town or village (? as consisting of erect edifices).

c. 893.  K. Ælfred, Oros. (1883), 19. He seʓlode on fif daʓan to þæm porte þe mon hæt æt Hæþum; se stent betuh Winedum & Seaxum & Angle.

971.  Blickl. Hom., 77. Gaþ on þa wic þe beforan inc stondeð.

c. 1205.  Lay., 125. Ful neh þan ilke stude þar Rome nou stondeð.

1297.  R. Glouc., 3. Þe see geþ him al aboute, he [England] stond [v.rr. stont, stant] as in an yle.

13[?].  K. Alis., 3269. Theo cite upon the see stod.

1340–70.  Alex. & Dind., 114. Þanne he farus to a feld … Þat stod on an hie stede.

c. 1440.  Pallad. on Husb., I. 28. Ek se thy londe Be fertile, and commodiously stonde.

1471.  Caxton, Recuyell (Sommer), 188. She and her susters soiourned in a cyte whiche stode on the ryuage.

1548.  Hall, Chron., Edw. IV., 233 b. The toune standeth lowe, and the Ryver passeth thorough.

1550.  Crowley, Epigr., 208. A Marchaunte … Returned to his contrey, whiche in Europe standes.

1607.  W. S., Puritane, III. iv. 36. Put. O, it [a room] stands very pleasantly for a Scholler.

1612.  Coverte, Voy., 11. This place of our then ancoring standeth in the height of fiue Degrees and 20. minutes.

a. 1701.  Maundrell, Journ. Jerus. (1732), 7. The City stands Northerly.

1792.  T. Twining, Recreat. (1882), 160. The village stands pleasantly.

1849.  Macaulay, Hist. Eng., iii. I. 336. Large as Bristol might then appear, it occupied but a very small portion of the area on which it now stands.

1852.  Thackeray, Esmond, I. iii. A large pleasant green flat, where the village of Castlewood stood, and stands.

  20.  With predicative extension or complement, indicating the manner or condition, the verb retaining more or less of its proper force (senses 17–19); e.g., to stand high, firm, open, ajar.

c. 897.  K. Ælfred, Gregory’s Past. C., Pref. 5. Hu ða ciricean … stodon maðma & boca ʓefyldæ.

c. 1205.  Lay., 5352. Al þat liggende lond þat lið in to Rome … þe nu stonded riche.

a. 1250.  Owl & Night., 623. Myn hus stont briht & grene.

1375.  Barbour, Bruce, VI. 77. He saw the brayis hye standand.

c. 1400, a. 1513, 1786.  [see AJAR adv.¹].

1477–9.  Rec. St. Mary at Hill (1905), 84. A tenement … standyng void by the terme of Estir, Midsomer, and Mighelmasse.

1513.  Douglas, Æneis, VI. ii. 104. The blak ȝettis of Pluto, and that dirk way Standis evir oppyne and patent nycht and day.

1675.  J. S[mith], Horolog. Dial., 35. Fasten it [the clock] with another nail or two, that it may stand firm and not shake.

1697.  Dryden, Virg. Georg., III. 499. And open let thy Stacks all Winter stand.

1709.  Steele, Tatler, No. 194, ¶ 5. The Gate stood open.

1735.  Johnson, Lobo’s Abyssinia, Descr. xi. 111. A large stone House … which had stood uninhabited so long, that great Numbers of red Ants had taken Possession of it.

1857.  Ruskin, Pol. Econ. Art, ii. § 77. I have seen the hail fall in Italy till the forest branches stood stripped and bare. Ibid. (1866), Crown of Wild Olive, § 57. My eye caught the title of a book standing open in a bookseller’s window.

1894.  Amer. Dict. Printing, Stands high. In printing, type or blocks which are higher than other types or than the normal height.

1910.  Hogarth, in Encycl. Brit., I. 248/2. The main chamber … stands free, isolated from the rest of the plan by corridors.

1912.  H. L. Cannon, in Eng. Hist. Rev., Oct., 661. The ‘cog’ … was lightly laden, and so stood high out of the water.

  b.  Of a house, etc., As it stands: with all its furniture, decoration, etc.

1527.  in Test. Ebor. (Surtees), VI. 14. I will a house to my wif in Scrayngham, and hir chamer as it standis.

1668.  in Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm., Var. Coll. (1907). IV. 245. The bricke and materialls, or the house itselfe as it stands, to be solde.

  † c.  To be fixed or set or turned in a specified direction. Obs.

1471.  Caxton, Recuyell (Sommer), 409. His sayll that stode ouer ende by force of the wynde, was smyten full of hooles.

a. 1637.  B. Jonson, Goodwife’s Ale, in Athenæum (1904), 1 Oct., 447/2. My mouth did stand awry, just as it were Labouring to whisper somewhat in mine Eare.

1687.  A. Lovell, trans. Thevenot’s Trav., II. 6. Its tail stands another way than the Tails of other fish which are forked upwards and downwards.

1694.  Acc. Sev. Late Voy., II. 150. All the other Longboats row out before, and take notice which way the Line doth stand.

  21.  To be inscribed, drawn, painted, etc. (in a list, sheet, or the like). Hence of words or literary matter: To be set down, recorded, composed in a (specified) context or form.

871–89.  Charter, in O. E. Texts, 452/43. Ðeos foresprec & þas ʓewriotu þe herbeufan awreotene stondað.

c. 1200.  Ormin, 315. All iss þwerrt ut soþ … Þatt stanndeþþ o þe Goddspellboc. Ibid., 4986. Þatt bocstaff … Þatt uppo Cristess name stannt Rihht allre nesst te firrste.

1362.  Langl., P. Pl., A. I. 48. And he asked of hem, of whom spac þe lettre, And whom þe ymage was lyk þat þer-Inne stod.

a. 1400–50.  Wars Alex., 279. In þe first compas … Stude þe xij vndirstandings stoutly engrauen.

c. 1450.  Mirk’s Festial, 45. Then, for þe ȝere ys rewlet and gouernet by þe kalender, and þis day stondeth yn þe begynnyng þerof, hit ys callet ȝeres-day.

1583.  [see RUBRIC sb. 3].

1603.  Shaks., Meas. for M., II. ii. 40. To fine the faults, whose fine stands in record. Ibid. (1605), Macb., IV. i. 134. Let this pernitious houre Stand aye accursed in the Kalender.

1754.  Sherlock, Disc. (1759), I. ix. 251. These Words stand towards the Close of St. John’s Gospel.

1801.  Strutt, Sports & Past., II. i. 44. The victories they obtained over their enemies … stand upon record in the histories of this country.

1824.  Scott, Redgauntlet, ch. x. I will not say but my name may stand on the list.

1832.  Examiner, 370/2. Mr. E. L. Bulwer’s motion … stands for Thursday next.

1890.  G. A. Hibbard, in Harper’s Mag., June, 44/2. Richard Garrard Fenwick—so his name stood on the club list—had been too young—… and had so escaped the draft.

1911.  Jacques, in 36th Prov. Mtg. Law Soc., 269. Her husband of course has no vote as the house does not stand in his name.

  b.  esp. of numerical figures: To be set down or entered in a list, account, ledger, or the like. Hence of a sum, price, score; also of the game or player whose score is recorded. Const. at (a certain figure).

1537.  N. Country Wills (Surtees), 153. That Roger Shawes sonne be forgiven the odde mony that standith in my boke more than lxvj s. viij d.

1579.  Digges, Stratiot., I. xvi. 26. Which all standeth thus 24/120.

1830.  Examiner, 538/2. At the close of the poll the numbers stood thus.

1878.  R. H. Hutton, Scott, xv. 158. On the 17th of December, 1830, the liabilities stood at 54,000 l.

1890.  Illustr. Lond. News, 26 April, 526/3. The prisoner had standing to his credit £57.

1890.  Field, 10 May, 672/3. Streatfield … played a very sound game, and stood at twenty-two when he lost his partner. Ibid., 673/1. The score standing at 123 for five wickets.

1892.  Chamb. Jrnl., 1 Oct., 625/2. If a bank’s shares stand at a good premium, it is fair to infer as a general rule that its credit is good and its position sound.

1913.  Oxf. Univ. Gaz., 19 Feb., 493/2. The balance at the Bank stands … at £50.

  c.  Of an account: To show a (specified) position of the parties with regard to debit and credit. Also, to continue on the books unsettled. Also fig.

1710–1.  Swift, Jrnl. to Stella, 16 Jan. Let me know how accounts stand, that you may have your money betimes.

1776.  Pennsylv. Even. Post, 10 Aug., 398/1. Those whose accounts have stood beyond the customary time of payment, will please to take notice, that unless they are speedily discharged, I shall sue for the same.

1825.  Scott, Betrothed, xxx. I will not accept favours from him in prosperity, who, in adversity, refused me his hand—our account stands yet open.

Mod.  At present, the account stands greatly in my favor.

  d.  Of a word, clause, etc.: To occupy a specified place in a verse or context, to be used in a specified inflexion or construction.

1693.  Dryden, Persius, VI. note 8. But the word Empress wou’d not stand in that Verse: For which reason I Adjourn’d it to another.

1836.  J. R. Major, Guide Grk. Trag., 120. The rhythm is violated … when the three last syllables of a word, which are capable of standing in the verse as an anapæst, are divided between a dactyl and the following foot.

1860.  Goodwin, Grk. Moods & Tenses, 287. The Participles of impersonal Verbs stand in the Accusative Absolute,… when other Participles would stand in the Genitive Absolute.

1861.  Paley, Æschylus (ed. 2), Pers., 618, note. In fact, χεροῖν could not possibly stand in this place.

  22.  Of water, etc.: To have the surface at a specified level. Of the mercury (or other liquid) in a thermometer, barometer, etc.: To reach to a certain height; hence said of the instrument itself.

c. 1250.  Gen. & Ex., 590. Fowerti dais and fowerti niȝt, So wex water wið maȝti miȝt … And oðer fowerti ðore-to, Dais and niȝtes stodet so.

1686.  Halley, in Phil. Trans., XVI. 104. The Barometer standing at 30 Inches. Ibid., 110. In calm frosty weather the Mercury generally stands high.

1715.  Desaguliers, Fires Impr., 47. The Thermometer stands at the same height in deep Cellars at both Seasons.

1853.  Jrnl. R. Agric. Soc., XIV. I. 165. The water in the sluice stands at 9 ft.

1890.  Constance Smith, Riddle of Lawr. Haviland, II. VI. iv. 241. The glass stood at set fair.

1891.  National Rev., Jan., 656. The thermometer now stood at 20 Fah.

  ** With the notion of permanence, stability, etc.

  23.  Of an edifice, or the like: To remain erect and entire; to resist destruction or decay. Also with predicative adj. or adv., as whole, sound, fast, stable.

c. 888.  Ælfred, Boeth., xii. Ne mæʓ hus naht lange standan on þam hean munte ʓif hit full unʓemetlic wind ʓestent.

a. 1122.  O. E. Chron. (Laud MS.), an. 1009. & oft hi on þa burh Lundene ʓefuhton. Ac si Gode lof þet heo ʓyt ʓesund.

c. 1205.  Lay., 15532. Þenne mihte he [the wall] stonde to þere worlde longe.

c. 1290.  S. Eng. Leg., 160/1889. Ich habbe a luytel Coffre þat stant hol and sount.

a. 1300.  Cursor M., 10121. Þar þe castel standes stable.

c. 1400.  Brut, lx. 55. How Vortiger … biganne þere a castel, þat wolde nouȝt stande wiþouten morter temprede wiþ mannes blode.

1542.  Udall, Erasm. Apoph., 281 b. The trenches and bulwerkes of his enemies campe was standing whole.

1562.  Pilkington, Expos. Abdyas, Pref. 8. The winds blow boustously, yet stand faste the low busshes when the great ookes are overthrowen.

1567.  Gude & Godlie B. (S.T.S.), 211. Had not ȝour self begun the weiris, ȝour stepillis had bene standand ȝit.

1610.  Holland, Camden’s Brit. (1637), 636. Faire walles, which are partly yet standing.

1758.  Ann. Reg., 100. Her masts [are] very much wounded: it is surprizing how they stood home.

1794–5.  in B. Ward, Dawn Cath. Revival (1909), II. 119. The rigging was damaged; but the vessel stood.

1798.  in Nicolas, Disp. Nelson (1846), VII. p. clvi. She had only a foremast standing at day-light.

1857.  Ruskin, Pol. Econ. Art, ii. § 74. The marble would have stood its two thousand years as well in the polished statue as in the Parian cliff.

1879.  M. J. Guest, Lect. Hist. Eng., x. 93. In that climate buildings stand much longer than they do in England.

1883.  Gresley, Gloss. Coal-mining, 237. Stand, does not break down or require timbering. A rock or coal roof generally stands better than one composed of shale or clay.

  fig.  1805.  Wordsw., Prelude, II. 280. The props of my affections were removed, And yet the building stood, as if sustained By its own spirit!

1834.  J. Wilson, Noctes Ambr., xxxvii. Wks. 1856, IV. 198. The Church doesna deserve to staun when sic atrocities are rife beneath its shelter.

  b.  Of the world: To exist; to remain stable, last.

  Chiefly in phrase: cf. quot. 1526.

c. 1205.  Lay., 18850. Þe wile þe þis world stænt [c. 1275 steond] ilæsten scal is worðmunt.

a. 1225.  Leg. Kath., 1490. Of marbrestan a temple, þet schal aa stonden, hwil þet te world stont.

1340–70.  Alex. & Dind., 587. Ȝe were alle … bred of þat modur Þat is stable to stonde.

1526.  Tindale, 1 Cor. viii. 13. Whill the worlde stondeth [So 1611; Gr. εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα].

1598.  R. Bernard, trans. Terence, Adelphos, I. ii. Neuer was there since the world stood, any thing more vnreasonable.

  c.  Of any mechanism or contrivance: To hold together, resist wear or damage, keep its place.

1768.  Sterne, Sent. Journ., The Wig. But I fear, friend! said I, this buckle won’t stand.

  24.  Naut. To let all stand: to leave a ship fully rigged. All standing, i.e., without dismantling or unrigging; transf. with one’s clothes on, dressed. To be paid off, brought up all standing: see quot. 1867.

1669.  Sturmy, Mariner’s Mag., I. 17. Shall we get down our Top-masts? No, let all stand.

1791.  Smeaton, Edystone L. (1793), § 259. We began to heave in our ground chain,… and, it being nine P.M. concluded to let all stand till the next morning…. Found all standing as we had left it.

1802.  Naval Chron., VIII. 172. The Fisgard … was paid off all standing, directly recommissioned.

1867.  Smyth, Sailor’s Word-bk., s.v. All, To be brought up all standing, is to be suddenly checked or stopped, without any preparation. Paid off all standing, without unrigging or waiting to return stores; perhaps recommissioned the next day or hour.

1893.  Earl Dunmore, Pamirs, II. 62. I dined, and after smoking a pipe, turned in all standing for the night.

  25.  Of a pigment or dye: To keep its color; also, not to blot or run.

1811.  Self Instructor, 531. All these three colours stand.

1815.  J. Smith, Panorama Sci. & Art, II. 731. Vermilion … Stands tolerably well if perfectly pure.

1883.  R. Haldane, Workshop Rec., Ser. II. 336. Most of the black Indian ink … blots when a damp brush is passed over it; or, as draughtsmen say, ‘it does not stand.’

  26.  Farriery. Of the eye: To preserve its sight, to keep good sight.

1737.  Bracken, Farriery Impr. (1757), II. 13. I must return to a Description of the Eye that I think most likely to stand (as we term it).

  *** To be still or stationary.

  27.  Of liquids: To cease flowing; esp. of water, to collect and remain motionless, be stagnant (cf. STANDING ppl. a.). (See also STILL adv.)

c. 888.  Ælfred, Boeth., xxxv. § 7. Se hearpere [sc. Orpheus] … hearpode ðæt … þa ea stodon.

1382.  Wyclif, Luke viii. 44. And a non the flix of hir blood stood [v.r. ceesed].

1538.  Elyot, Dict., Stagno, proprely of water is to stande and not to flowe.

1585.  Higins, Junius’ Nomencl., 401/2. Lacuna,… a ditch wherein water standeth.

1697.  Dryden, Æneid, VII. 1093. Where Ufens glides along the lowly Lands, Or the black Water of Pomptina stands.

1852.  Jrnl. R. Agric. Soc., XIII. I. 80. The stagnant water being permitted year after year to stand on the surface during the winter.

1882.  Floyer, Unexpl. Balūchistan, 41. The water appeared to stand here some time, judging by the presence of many water weeds.

  transf.  1899.  Sara J. Duncan, Path of Star, xv. 160. The garden where heavy scents stood in the sun.

  fig.  1842.  Tennyson, Sir Galahad, 10. When the tide of combat stands.

  b.  Of land, a ditch, etc.: To stand with, to be full of (stagnant water). (Cf. 17 c.)

1601.  Holland, Pliny, VI. xxvii. I. 138. The countrey Elemais is so fennie, and standeth with water so wet, that there is no way through it to Persis.

1718.  Hearne, Collect. (O.H.S.), VI. 229. The Ditch about the Camp stands with water, except in a dry time.

1848.  Jrnl. R. Agric. Soc., IX. I. 242. It is not at all uncommon to see a clay pit stand with water.

  28.  Of tears: To remain collected (in the eyes) without falling. Of a humour, esp. perspiration: To remain in drops (on the skin, etc.).

1530.  Palsgr., 733/1. He dyd nat wepe that I sawe, but the water stode in his eyes.

1581.  A. Hall, Iliad, VI. 119. She smiles therewith, yet in hir eyes the water ful doth stand.

1627.  May, Lucan, VI. L 3. She … gathers poisonous filth, and slime that stands On the cold ioynts.

1675.  Hannah Woolley, Gentlew. Comp., 71. Do not venture to eat Spoon-meat so hot, that the tears stand in your eyes.

1719.  De Foe, Crusoe, I. (Globe), 230. This he spoke so earnestly, that I saw Tears stand in his Eyes.

1841.  Longf., Excelsior, V. A tear stood in his bright blue eye.

1849.  Tait’s Mag., XVI. 226/1. Cold drops stood on my brow.

1891.  Strand Mag., II. 509/2. The sweat stood in beads on his forehead.

  † b.  Of the eyes, To stand a-water: to be filled with tears. Obs.

1605.  Chapman, etc., Eastw. Hoe, II. C 3 b. Gyr. Gods my dignitie! as I am a Lady, if he did not make me blush so that mine eyes stood a water.

  29.  Or a liquid, etc.: To be kept in a vessel without shaking.

c. 1467.  Noble Bk. Cookry (1882), 101. Sye it throughe a clothe and let yt stond and setelle.

c. 1550.  Lloyd, Treas. Health, liii. R ij. Such thynges are neuer mynystred excepte they haue stonde [1585 N iij b, stoode] setteled a good whyle after commixtion.

1675.  Hannah Woolley, Gentlew. Comp., 136. Strain it [the Jelly], and so let it stand for your use.

1827.  Faraday, Chem. Manip., xii. (1842), 275. The whole is to be closed up, and suffered to stand until cold.

1852.  Jrnl. R. Agric. Soc., XIII. I. 37. The first milk is set … to stand for cream.

1862.  Miller, Organ. Chem. (ed. 2), 165. The liquid portion is removed by pressure, and after standing over chloride of calcium is rectified.

  † 30.  Of a mixture or confection: To be stiff, have a firm consistence. (Cf. STANDING ppl. a. 8 b.)

c. 1450.  Two Cookery-bks., 88. Loke that hit stonde well, with Gynger, Sugur. Ibid., 109.

  31.  Of a star: To appear fixed in the heavens. Of the sun or a planet: To be seen apparently motionless at any point of its course.

1382.  Wyclif, Josh. x. 13. And the sunne and the mone stoden, to the tyme that [etc.].

1398.  Trevisa, Barth. De P. R., VIII. xxi. (1495), 331. Stelle ben callyd sterres and haue that name of stando, stondyng, for though they moue alwaye, alwaye it semyth that they stonde.

1577.  Kendall, Flowers of Epigr., 86. In heuen where starres do stand.

1629.  Milton, Nativity, 70. The Stars with deep amaze Stand fixt in stedfast gaze.

1833.  Tennyson, Lotos-Eaters, 7. Full-faced above the valley stood the moon.

  32.  Of a piece of machinery, an implement, a vehicle, etc.: To remain still or motionless; not to move or be operated; to cease moving, working, turing, etc. Of a timepiece: To cease ‘going,’ to have stopped. Now somewhat rare. Cf. to stand still: see STILL adv.

1362.  Langl., P. Pl., A. VII. 105. At heiȝ prime perkyn lette þe plouȝ stonde.

c. 1386.  Chaucer, Friar’s T., 243. Deepe was the wey, for which the Carte stood.

c. 1400.  Anturs of Arth., 266. Maye no mane stere hym of strenghe, whilles þe whele standis.

1549.  Latimer, Ploughers (Arb.), 25. The ploughe standeth, there is no worke done.

a. 1696.  P. Henry, in M. Henry, Life, x. (1825), 247. When the weight is off, the clock stands.

1772.  Foote, Nabob, I. (1778), 22. I … told him, the dog was mad, the parrot dead, and the clock stood.

1820.  Scoresby, Acc. Arctic Reg., II. 476. During an hour … the pumps were allowed to ‘stand.’

1885.  ‘Mrs. Alexander,’ At Bay, viii. Before his astonished companion could reply he was beside the vehicle, which was still standing.

  b.  Of a ship: To ride at anchor.

a. 1300.  K. Horn, 1021. He let his schup stonde, & ȝede to londe. Ibid., 1437. His schup stod vnder ture.

c. 1350.  Will. Palerne, 2728. Þan hiȝed þei hem to þe hauen … þer stoden fele schippes.

  c.  Of a vehicle: To remain in a customary place waiting for a fare or for the time to start.

1665.  in Verney Mem. (1907), II. 241. The Black Swan in Holborn where the Alisbury and other coaches stand.

1676.  in J. Playford, Vade Mecum (1679), 197. All Merchants … may chuse what Carr they please, except such as stand for Wharf-work [etc.] … which are to be taken in turn.

  d.  Of a mine, factory, etc., also of the men employed: To stop working; to be at a standstill.

1733.  N. Riding Rec., VIII. 202. The Treasurer to pay £22.15/ for the Milne standing tenn weeks.

1789.  J. Williams, Min. Kingd., I. 170. Several Cornish mines are now standing … because they cannot be carried on with profit while coal is so dear.

1892.  Black & White, 12 March, 331/1. If they [the colliers] ‘stand’ for a fortnight.

1892.  Standard, 28 April, 7/5. Works which stood all last week for holidays being now restarted.

  **** With some notion of motion or direction in a fixed or steady course.

  † 33.  Of light (also rarely of vapor): To issue in a beam or shaft. Obs.

Beowulf, 726. Him of eaʓum stod … leoht unfæʓer.

c. 900.  Bæda’s Hist., V. xxiii. (1890), 476. Stod se leoma him of, swilce fyrenþecele.

c. 1000.  Ælfric, Hom. (Th.), I. 86. Him stod stincende steam of ðam muðe.

a. 1300.  Cursor M., 8160. A lem fra þe wandes stode.

c. 1300.  Havelok, 591. Of hise mouth it stod a stem, Als it were a sunnebem.

c. 1400.  St. Alexius, 439 (Laud 463). Out of his mouþ þer stoed a leom Brighter þan þe sonne beom.

  † 34.  Of a weapon: To be fixed at or on the place to which it penetrates in wounding; to penetrate through, unto. Said also of the stroke or ‘dint.’ Obs.

Beowulf, 1434. Sumne Ʒeata leod of flanboʓan feores ʓetwæfde,… þæt him on aldre stod herestræl hearda.

a. 1300.  Cursor M., 11371. Þe suerd o soru thoru hir stode. Ibid., 24360. Þe nails þat him fest on rode, thoru mi hend and fete þai stode.

13[?].  King Alis., 3709. He smot anothir,… That he clef his basnet, At his chyn stod the dunt.

c. 1330.  Arth. & Merl., 8134. King Malgar on þe heued he gert, Þat þe dent stode at þe hert.

1390.  Gower, Conf., III. 268. With his swerd droppende of blod, The which withinne his doubter stod.

  35.  Of the wind: To blow from a quarter indicated; also simply, to blow favorably, to continue to blow. Similarly of the weather. ? Obs. (Cf. SIT v. 13 d.)

c. 1205.  Lay., 1780. Wind stod on willen. Ibid., 25537. Weder stod on wille, wind wex an honde.

c. 1300.  Cursor M., 24834. Forth þai floted on þat flod, Foral to will þair bir þam stode.

c. 1300.  K. Horn, 784 (Laud MS.). Þe whyȝt him gan stonde And drof tyl hirelonde.

1338.  R. Brunne, Chron. (1810), 145. Þe next Marche folowand He suld take þat way, if wynde wild with him stand, At Marsile to aryue.

1412–20.  Lydg., Chron. Troy, I. 4392. Whan þei seye þat þe wedir stood, Þe wynde also at her lust þei hadde, Þei gan to saille.

1546.  J. Heywood, Prov. (1867), 56. If the winde stande in that doore, it standth awry.

1635.  Brereton, Trav. (Chetham Soc.), 77. The wind stood most easterly.

1669.  Sturmy, Mariner’s Mag., I. ii. 16. The Wind is fair, though but little; he comes well, as if he would stand.

1699.  Dampier, Voy., II. I. 155. If the gale stood.

1708.  Lond. Gaz., No. 4417/2. [They] will sail for the River, as soon as the Wind stands fair.

  36.  Naut. Of a vessel (hence of the commander, sailors, etc.): To sail, steer, direct one’s course (in a specified direction, to sea, into harbor, etc.).

  See also stand along, away, etc., in branch VII; also stand for 71 k, stand with 79 d. (Note the pa. t. stowed in the 17th c., prob. due to misapprehension.)

1627.  J. Taylor (Water P.), Famous Fight, Wks. (1630), III. 39/1. We gaue him a whole broad-side … tacking forthwith, and standing after him.

1633.  T. James, Voy., 18. Wee stowed alongst it [floating ice], hoping to weather it.

1633.  T. Stafford, Pac. Hib., II. x. 189. The Spanish fleete … standing to the Northward.

a. 1700.  Evelyn, Diary, 16 Oct. 1644. The weather being still so fowle that for two houres at least we durst not stand into the haven.

1707.  Lond. Gaz., No. 4312/2. They stood to Sea.

1745.  P. Thomas, Jrnl. Anson’s Voy., 280. We immediately … stood towards her, and I believe if she had … stood from us, we should have found it very difficult to have come up with her.

1748.  Anson’s Voy., III. ix. 386. This entrance he proposed to stand through next day.

1769.  Falconer, Dict. Marine (1789), D 4 b. We discovered a fleet … standing athwart us, i. e. steering across our way.

1823.  W. Scoresby, Jrnl., 2. We took sail, and stood into the river.

a. 1860.  in Temple Bar, LVI. 353. We passed the bank, stood round the light, and sailed away to sea.

1867.  Smyth, Sailor’s Word-bk., Stand in Shore, to sail directly for the land.

1878.  Bosw. Smith, Carthage, 107. The Roman fleet … stood right across the Mediterranean to the nearest point of Africa.

1892.  Black & White, 16 Jan., 78/1. The whole fleet put on good speed, and stood nearly due west.

  With cognate object.  1705.  trans. Bosman’s Guinea, 13. The Ship … being bound to … touch at Curacao before it stands its course homewards.

  b.  transf. Of a person: To go, proceed (in a specified direction).

a. 1300.  K. Horn, 1179. Ifond horn child stonde To schupeward in londe.

1829.  Shipp, Mem., II. 87. They bowed a hundred times in the most abject prostrations to our feet; then stood towards their village, seemingly dispossessed of any fear.

  37.  Archery. Of an arrow (see quot.).

1801.  T. Roberts, Eng. Bowman, 294. An arrow is said to stand, (or to stand in) a bow, when it flies from it steadily, and without shaking or flirting. Ibid. To Stand in the wind, to.—To stand across the wind.

  ***** Of immaterial things.

  38.  With adv., advb. phr., or adj. predicate: To be or remain in a specified condition, relation, situation, etc.

a. 1122.  O. E. Chron., an. 1093. Þæt arceðrice on Cantwarbyriʓ, þe ær on his aʓenre hand stod.

c. 1315.  Shoreham, Poems, I. 231. For ȝef þat water his kende lest, Þat cristning stant te tealte.

14[?].  26 Pol. Poems, 20/194. A cheuenteyn may fyȝte o day, Þe victorye wiþ hym stande.

c. 1420.  ? Lydg., Assembly of Gods, 1887. Thy wytte stant a crooke.

c. 1470.  Golagros & Gaw., 1056. Ane sair stonayand stour at thair hartis standis.

1548.  Hall, Chron., Hen. IV., 12 b. My life stoode in ieopardie.

1603.  Shaks., Meas. for M., V. i. 108. His Integritie Stands without blemish.

1688.  Lett. conc. Pres. State Italy, 170. The greatest part of the Revenue of this State stands engaged for the Interest that they pay.

1870.  Rogers, Hist. Glean., Ser. II. 102. No reputation stood higher than that of Selden.

1875.  Jowett, Plato (ed. 2), IV. 8. He cannot tell the relation in which abstract ideas stand to one another.

1891.  Standard, 16 June, 3/2. Mr. Balfour’s plan stands condemned in his eyes.

  b.  With a relative or demonstrative adv. as predicate; e.g., the case stands thus, as things or matters stand (= under present circumstances). Also impersonally, as it stands well, † how stands?, how does it stand? (with, † by, † of a person or thing; † also with dat., him stands well).

a. 1000.  Boeth. Metr., i. 28. Stod þraʓe on ðam.

c. 1300.  Havelok, 2983. Him stondes wel þat god child strenes.

c. 1380.  Wyclif, Sel. Wks., III. 346. And þus it stondiþ in þe Chirche of þes newe servauntis þat ben brouȝt in.

c. 1386.  Chaucer, Shipman’s T., 114. It stant not so with me.

c. 1485.  Digby Myst. (1882), IV. 1505. Sister! how standes with yow?

a. 1578.  Lindesay (Pitscottie), Chron. Scot., II. 25. The erle of glencairne returnit … to the erle of lennox and schew him how all studd.

1591.  Shaks., Two Gent., II. v. 21. Spee. Why then, how stands the matter with them? Lau. Marry thus, when it stands well with him, it stands well with her.

1600.  Weakest goeth to Wall, H 3. My Lord of Bulloigne, thus then stands my case.

1612.  Benvenuto’s Passenger, I. ii. 137. Sure sir, if it stood with you as he pleased, you should be in an euill case.

1672.  Petty, Pol. Anat. (1691), 68. As things now stand.

1709.  Berkeley, Ess. Vision, § 45. The truth of the matter, I find, stands thus.

1826.  Lamb, Pop. Fallacies, xi. A hare, as the law now stands, makes many friends.

1837.  Carlyle, Fr. Rev., III. VII. viii. Ill stands it with me if I have spoken falsely.

1862.  Temple Bar, VI. 401. How does it stand with your … studies?

1898.  ‘H. S. Merriman,’ Roden’s Corner, vii. 75. People did not know how matters stood between Joan Ferriby and Tony Cornish.

  † 39.  a. With dative of person: To exist, be present (to one); e.g., me stondeþ rape = I am in haste. Chiefly in (me, etc.) stands awe, need: see 45, 46. Obs.

a. 1300.  K. Horn, 554. For þi me stondeþ þe more rape.

a. 1300.  Cursor M., 24220. Quen he þe sagh þis murning mak, sumthing to þe iwiss he spak if him stode ani steuen.

  † b.  impers. To be the case (that). It cannot stand but, it cannot but be that…. Obs.

1377.  Langl., P. Pl., B. XIV. 251. A strawe for þe stuwes! it stode nouȝt, I trowe, Had þei no þyng but of pore men, her houses were vntyled.

1561.  Reg. Privy Council Scot., I. 173. It mycht stand that I had ressavit sum of the gudis libellit fra the thrid hand.

1644.  Maxwell, Prerog. Chr. Kings, ix. 99. It cannot stand but … the like should hold.

  c.  impers. To behove (a person) to do (something). rare.

  ? A cutting down, or confused recollection, of stand (one) in hand (see 47) or stand (one) upon (see 78 q).

1857.  Trollope, Barchester T., xlvi. He knew that it depended solely on his own wit whether or no he could throw the joke back upon the lady. He knew that it stood him to do so if he possibly could, but he had not a word.

1911.  Webster, s.v., 19. To concern; to be of interest or advantage (to); as, it stood him to leave the country for a time.

  40.  Of a condition, process, or the like: To remain stationary or unchanged, neither progressing nor receding; to be at a standstill.

c. 1386.  Chaucer, Merch. T., 519 (Harl.). Now wolde God that it were woxe night, And that the night wold stonden [v.r. lasten] evermo.

1436.  Pol. Poems (Rolls), II. 202. For whiche they muste dresse hem to pease in haste, Or ellis there thrifte to standen and to waste.

c. 1530.  Judic. Urines, II. xii. 40. But comynly in Homothena, the sekenes is stondyng tyll the seke man passe other to deth or to lyfe.

1658.  Sir T. Browne, Hydriot., v. 27. Every houre addes unto that current Arithmetique, which scarce stands one moment.

1723.  Swift, Poems, Pethox, 52. And while his Fate is in thy Hands, The Bus’ness of the Nation stands.

  41.  To endure, last; to continue unimpaired; to flourish.

c. 1000.  Ags. Gosp., Matt. xii. 36. Hu mæʓ þonne hys rice standan.

c. 1200.  Ormin, 18190. Þatt ȝet ta stod stafflike witt Amang Judisskenn þede Off Moysæsess laȝheboc.

a. 1300.  Cursor M., 9221. Þair kingrik … þat had four hundret yeir stand.

1399.  Langl., Rich. Redeles, III. 249. Iche rewme … Sholde stable and stonde be þese þre degres.

1553.  T. Wilson, Rhet. (1580), 28. If in other thynges we should bee as negligente, this Realme could not long stande.

1865.  M. Arnold, Ess. Crit., ii. 60. Work done after men have reached this platform is classical; and that is the only work which, in the long run, can stand. Ibid., vii. 223. How little either of his poetry, or of his criticism, or of his philosophy, can we expect permanently to stand!

  42.  To be or remain valid or of force, hold good.

c. 888.  Ælfred, Boeth., xxi. Þa ʓesetennesse þa he læt standan þa hwile þe he wile.

a. 1122.  O. E. Chron. (Laud MS.), an. 656. Ic bidde ealle þa ða æfter me cumen … þæt ure ʓyfe mote standan.

c. 1275.  Lay., 397. After þan heþene lawe þat stot in þan ilke dawe.

c. 1315.  Shoreham, Poems, I. 238. For bote þat water his kende haue, Þat cristnynge may nauȝt stonde.

1377.  Langl., P. Pl., B. XV. 573. Owre lorde wrote it [the Law] hym-selue, In stone, for it stydfast was and stonde sholde eure.

c. 1400.  Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton), I. xxx. (1859), 34. Yf he byquethe al his good to his owne lord, standyth the testament?

1544.  trans. Littleton’s Tenures, 39. The last deuyse and wyl made by him shal stande and abyde.

1568.  Grafton, Chron., II. 100. The yonger sort which had chosen Reignold their Subprior, would have that election to stande.

a. 1578.  Lindesay (Pitscottie), Chron. Scot. I. 343. Gif all promeisis had stand quhilk was maid be the king of scotland.

1719.  De Foe, Crusoe, II. (Globe), 432. A written Contract … would stand.

1758.  S. Hayward, Serm., Introd. 19. The promise yet stands.

1855.  Macaulay, Hist. Eng., xii. III. 211. No English Parliament … would permit such laws as were now passing through the Irish Parliament to stand.

1879.  Nature, 20 Nov., 62/2. This result is so utterly opposed to fact that a theory which leads to it cannot stand for a moment.

1885.  Law Times Rep., LII. 625/1. I think … that the nonsuit ought not to stand.

1894.  Hall Caine, Manxman, III. xiii. 172. It was taken for granted that the old relations would stand.

  b.  With complement or predicative extension, as to stand good, in force, († for) law, etc.

a. 1300.  Cursor M., 6746. Qua stelis scep, or ox, or cu … Oxen fiue for an he pai, For a scep four, it stand for lai.

1581.  Allen, Apol., 42. No statute then that stood in force.

1586.  in J. Morris, Troubles Cath. Forefathers, Ser. III. (1877), 87. Which common presumption always standeth good by their own law until the contrary be plainly and evidently proved.

1633.  Bp. Hall, Hard Texts, Rom. ix. 11. That the decree and purpose of God … might stand in force.

1667.  Milton, P. L., V. 602. Hear my Decree, which unrevok’t shall stand.

1747.  in Nairne Peerage Evid. (1874), 148. The said obligation was … to stand in full force and virtue.

1890.  P. L. McDermott, in Chamb. Jrnl., 27 Dec., 826/1. That charge of murder will not stand law.

1893.  Sat. Rev., 11 Feb., 164/1. The chapter on planting … stands good for all time.

  43.  Of a ceremony: To be performed, take place. Sc. ? Obs.

1649.  Lamont, Diary (Maitl. Club), 5. The mariage feast stoode at the place of the Weyms in Fyfe.

1828.  Burd Isabel, ix. in Child, Ballads, IV. 420. Her kirking and her fair wedding Shall baith stand on ae day.

a. 1868.  Earl of Errol, i. ibid. V. 269. An they hae made a marrige o’t, It stood at Earlstoon, O.

  III.  44. To cost. (Cf. L. stare, constare.)

  a.  To stand (one) high, to cost a high price. (Cf. G. einem hoch zu stehen kommen.) rare.

1362.  Langl., P. Pl., A. III. 49. We han a wyndow in worching wol stonden [B. text sitten] vs ful heiȝe.

1864.  Carlyle, Fredk. Gt., XV. iii. IV. 41. His father and he have stood these Bavarian Countries very high. Ibid., XX. x. VI. 243. Carlos’s War of ten months had stood him uncommonly high.

  † b.  To stand (one) on, upon, to (a price). Obs.

c. 1440.  Jacob’s Well, 38. Þe seed stondyth þe on ij. s., þe rente stante þe on vj. d, þe gaderyng & þe repyng standyth þe on xij. d.

1471.  Paston Lett., III. 31. The fense must stand yow over on xij. mark by the lest wey.

1641.  Best, Farm. Bks. (Surtees), 76. Sheepe that are fedde all the summer longe in our closes stande us to three shillings … a peece.

1764.  Museum Rust., III. 11. His stakes will not stand him, besides his labour, to more than half a farthing each.

  c.  To stand (one) in (a price, etc.). The ordinary construction; now restricted in currency, being partly fashionable slang, partly dialectal.

  Also to stand (a person) in at (an amount).

c. 1460.  Fortescue, Abs. & Lim. Mon., vi. (1885), 122. Yet his highnes shall þan haue therfore a bouute his persone … lordes, knyghtes, and sqviers … to his charges peraduentur also gretly, as his houshold well ruled was wonned to stonde hym inne.

1488–9.  Act 4 Hen. VII., c. 9. Where an hatte standeth not theym in xvj d. they woll sell it for iij s. or xl d.

1544.  in Lett. & Pap. Hen. VIII. (1903), XIX. I. 445. Here they shall stand the King not in one penny.

1552.  Robinson, trans. More’s Utopia, II. iv. (1895), 150. The same standeth them in muche lesse coste.

1625.  in Cosin’s Corr. (Surtees), I. 71. Boording and breakfest will stand him in 16^li per annum.

1651.  H. L’Estrange, Answ. Marq. Worcester, Ep. Ded. It will be in some sort an Answer to God for the time it stood me in.

1713.  Guardian, No. 84, ¶ 2. It has not stood me in above a Button.

1772.  Mme. D’Arblay, Early Diary (1889), I. 160. Do you know, it stands me in a hundred a year for chaises?

1837.  Dickens, Pickw., xli. It’ll stand you in a pound a week.

1848.  Thackeray, Van. Fair, xiii. It stands me in eight shillings a bottle.

1875.  Miss Braddon, Hostages to Fortune, II. viii. 168. It only stands me in seven and sixpence.

1886.  Mrs. Randolph, Mostly Fools, III. iv. 116. His town house, what with rent and taxes, stood him in at fifteen hundred a year.

  d.  With prep. as in b or c, but without indirect obj. of person. rare.

1457.  Paston Lett., I. 414. That my maister shud be lerned whate hys housold standyth uppon yerlye.

1546.  Johnson, in Ellis, Orig. Lett., Ser. II. II. 174. Thay stond in above 4^li sterling a peise.

1583.  Stubbes, Anat. Abus., I. (1877), 61. I haue knowen the very nedle work of some one payre of these bootehose to stand, some in iiij pound, vj. pound, and some in x. pound a peece.

1737.  Bracken, Farriery Impr. (1756), I. 167. This Ball would stand in five or six Shillings a Day.

1845.  Jrnl. R. Agric. Soc., VI. II. 526. This concern stands in 70l.

  e.  Without prep. before the word that denotes the price or cost. rare.

1542.  in J. H. Glover, Kingsthorpiana (1883), 82. An acre of lande sown in reye stondeth the tenant in sowing vii shillings at the lest.

1671.  Lamont, Diary (Maitl. Club), 224. The new bake howse … stood in workmanship, dales, iyronworke, and nayls, above 300 merks Scots.

1710.  Luttrell, Brief Rel. (1857), VI. 545. The company [were] ordered to bring in a modest computation of what their forts and castles have stood them.

1713.  Lond. Gaz., No. 5137/10. The first … will stand the Importer near 9s. and 6d. the Gallon.

1801.  Farmer’s Mag., Jan., 110. Good soup is delivered out at 1d. per quart, which stands the subscribers 2¹/₂d.

1808.  Jamieson, To Stand one, to cost; as, It stood me a groat, it cost fourpence.

1872.  S. De Vere, Americanisms, 552. This horse stands me two hundred dollars at least.

  IV.  Phrases and idiomatic uses.

  45.  To stand in awe.

  † a.  Orig. ‘awe’ was the nominative and the person affected in the dative: him (them, men, etc.) stands awe; const. of, also from, to, with (the object of dread). Occas. with some other sb. of kindred meaning, as doubt. Obs.

c. 1000.  Ælfric, Hom. (Th.), I. 64. Swa micel eʓe stod deoflum fram eow.

c. 1200.  Trin. Coll. Hom., 73. Þer hem stod eie, þer hem ne sholde, þat is of idele þing.

c. 1205, c. 1250.  [see AWE sb.¹ 4 a. α, β].

a. 1300.  Cursor M., 14805. Of him þam stod selcut gret agh.

c. 1320, c. 1380.  [see AWE sb.¹ 4 a. β, α.].

13[?].  K. Alis., 3426 (Laud MS.). At þat half stant hem no doute Of Alisaunder ne al his route.

c. 1330.  Arth. & Merl., 4341. Þat hem no stondeþ no doute Of þe payens no of her route.

  † b.  By inversion of const. the dative of the person became the subject and ‘awe’ the object of the verb: to stand awe (of, also to do something). Similarly to stand dread. Obs.

c. 1200.  Trin. Coll. Hom., 39. He þat is recheles and non eiȝe ne stand of louerde. Ibid., 139. And te king stod eie of him for his holinesse.

a. 1300.  Cursor M., 12091. Þan suld þou sett him to sum scole, Þar he moght lere o man stand agh.

1330, c. 1460.  [see AWE sb.¹ 4 a. α, β].

c. 1470.  Henry, Wallace, IX. 851. The Scottis defens so sykkyr was and keyn, Sotheroun stud aw to enter thaim amang.

1535.  Lyndesay, Satyre, 2520. Of na man we sould stand aw.

1597.  Montgomerie, Cherrie & Slae 1053. Of vs ȝe stand na aw.

14[?].  26 Pol. Poems, 19/140. Holy chirche stant of hem drede.

  c.  The modern const., to stand in awe. Similarly to stand in dread, fear, etc.

1413.  [see AWE sb.¹ 4 a. β].

a. 1425.  Cursor M., 12091 (Trin.). Þou most do sett him to þe scole For to lerne & stonde in awe.

1535.  Coverdale, Ps. xcvi. 9. Let the whole earth stonde in awe of him.

1581.  A. Hall, Iliad, IV. 70. Of whom stand you in awe?

1771.  Burke, Corr. (1844), I. 325. He stood in some awe, though in no sort of fear of you.

1885.  Mrs. Lynn Linton, Christ. Kirkland, I. x. 271. I stood in wholesome awe of him.

14[?].  26 Pol. Poems, xiii. 6. Falsed stondis ay in drede.

1701.  W. Wotton, Hist. Rome, 302. The Brothers stood in fear of their Lives.

1885.  J. Payn, Luck of Darrells, I. xiv. 246. His aunt stands rather in fear of him.

  46.  To stand in need.

  † a.  Orig. in the form (me, him, etc.) stands need = I [etc.] have need. Const. till, to (the thing required). (Corresponds to need is, is need: see NEED sb. 4, 5.) Obs.

a. 1300.  Cursor M., 23983. Wede o welth wil i namar, Clething wil i me tak o care, Þar-til [Fairf. þer-to] me standes nede.

a. 1400.  Sir Perc., 184. A maydene scho tuke hir withalle, That scho myȝte appone calle, Whenne that hir nede stode.

  b.  In inverted const. (cf. 45 b), of a person, to stand need = to be in need (of, to do something). Obs. exc. dial.

1551.  Crowley, Pleas. & Payne, Wks. 109. For aye, when I Stode nede of meate, ye gaue me fode.

1578.  T. Lupton, All for Money, 699. If you stoode neede of me you should finde me your friende.

1627.  R. Sibthorpe, Apostol. Obed., 28. These, I say, and infinite others, neither will time permit, nor doth your experience stand need.

1657.  J. Sergeant, Schism Dispach’t, 260. Though we have better grounds then to stand need to build upon it.

1664.  Marvell, Corr., Wks. (Grosart), II. 180. If I stood need of witnesses, I would cite only Your own merits.

1877.  N. W. Linc. Gloss., Stan’ need, stand in need of, ought [to do something].

1886.  S.-W. Linc. Gloss., s.v., One stans need to tak’ care of one’s lasses now-a-days.

  c.  Now (cf. 45. c), to stand in need. Const. of, † to do.

1530.  Palsgr., 733/2. If you stande in nede of me you shall fynde I am your frende.

1597.  Hooker, Eccl. Pol., V. xlviii. § 2. Petitionarie prayer belongeth only to such as … stand in need of reliefe from others.

1600.  J. Pory, trans. Leo’s Africa, VI. 277. Their fields stand in neede of continuall watering.

1630.  W. T., Justif. Relig. now Professed, ix. 66. Who themselues stand in neede to bee saued.

1701.  W. Wotton, Hist. Rome, i. 15. His Mind truly stood in need of Instruction.

1849.  Macaulay, Hist. Eng., x. II. 658. A realm of which these were the fundamental laws stood in no need of a new constitution.

1887.  Westall, Capt. Trafalgar, xix. 245. I felt very tired and stood much in need of sleep.

  47.  To stand (one) in († on) hand. Now dial.

  Cf. the phrases to lie (one) upon hand, in hand: see HAND sb. 32 a, quot. 1548, 29 d quot. 1627.

  a.  Of the wind: To be favorable. rare^–1.

c. 1205.  Lay., 22313. Wind heom stod an honde.

  b.  To behove, concern; to be needful or necessary to; to be of importance or advantage to. Chiefly impers. with it and inf.

c. 1400.  Beryn, 3173. I take no reward of othir mennys case, But oonlich of myne own, that stont me most an hond.

1470.  Paston Lett., II. 400. Look that ye spare for no cost to do serche for itt, for it wyll stand yow on hand.

1523.  Ld. Berners, Froiss., I. ccxxii. 289. [They] fought valiantly, the which stode them well in hand to do, for y^e naueroyse had caused them somwhat to recule.

1587.  Golding, De Mornay, i. 9. To lay forth the proofes … it would stand me in hand to ransacke the whole world.

1654.  H. L’Estrange, Chas. I. (1656), 89. The King … conceived it stood him in hand to stand upon his guard.

1667.  O. Heywood, Heart-Treasure, vii. 54. It stands us all in hand to try our selves.

a. 1825.  Forby, Voc. E. Anglia, s.v., ‘To stand in hand,’ to concern, behove, or interest. Ex. ‘It stands you in hand to look to that.’

1848.  Bartlett, Dict. Amer., To stand in hand, to concern, to behoove…. This phrase is a colloquial one in New England. Ex. ‘It stands you in hand to attend to your business.’

  48.  To stand in stead.

  † a.  To be of use or advantage, to be serviceable or profitable. Also with adj. qualifying stead, to be of (little, no, good) avail or service. Obs.

a. 1300.  Cursor M., 26512. It sal stand in sted sumquar. Ibid. (13[?]), 4114 (Gött.). Lat vs do him to dreri dede, Loke quat his drem sal stand in-sted.

c. 1340.  Hampole, Pr. Consc., 3648. His help thurgh hym-selfe standes in na stede, For he es als a lym þat es dede.

1399.  Pol. Poems (Rolls), I. 365. The busch is bare and waxus sere, Hit may no lengur leves bere; now stont hit in no styde.

c. 1430.  Freemasonry (Halliw., 1840), 679. They schul be told to stonde yn stede, When thou hast therto gret nede.

1544.  Betham, Precepts War, I. cxci. I iv b. But yf we must warre in playne and champyon countryes, then horsemen be moost necessarye. For fotemen wyll stande in lytle steade and vse.

c. 1645.  Howell, Lett. (1650), III. 12. If Love be fire, to light this Indian weed, The Donor’s Love of fire may stand in steed.

1659.  Hammond, On Ps. lxii. 9. It standeth in no stead, and so disappoints those that depend on it.

1772.  Whitefield, Serm., xxxii. Wks. VI. 11. Thy wealth and grandeur will stand in no stead.

  b.  More usually with indirect obj. († rarely with to). To stand (one) in stead, in (good, etc.) stead: to be of service or benefit to; to help or avail. Now only with adj. (good, etc.), and that in literary rather than familiar use.

  When without epithet, in stead was sometimes written or printed as one word.

1387.  Trevisa, Higden (Rolls), VII. 267. But for it stood hem but litel in stede [orig. sed quia parum profecerunt].

c. 1440.  Sir Gowther, 658. He … stode poure men in stede.

1513.  More, in Grafton’s Chron. (1568), II. 785. Suche as they thought … able to stande them in stead, eyther by power or by policie.

1577.  Kendall, Flowers of Epigr., Trifles, 5. The weake may stand the strong in sted.

1603–26.  Breton, Poste Mad Lett. (Grosart), 39/1. Your kind promise vpon any urgent occasion to stand me instead.

1662.  Gerbier, Principles, 1. Some Principles thereon, which may stand the lovers of it instead.

1730.  Lett. to Sir W. Strickland rel. to Coal Trade, 25. It will therefore stand them in stead to consider, whether they be likely to gain anything by the Exchange.

1802.  Mar. Edgeworth, Moral T., Forester (The Bet). That excuse sha’n’t stand you in stead.

1826.  Disraeli, Viv. Grey, III. v. Your boasted knowledge of human nature shall not again stand you in stead.

1338.  R. Brunne, Chron. (1810), 202. Better is holy bede of man þat right lyues, & standes vs in more stede, þan alle þe gode he gyues.

13[?].  Minor Poems fr. Vernon MS., 674/90. Strengþe stont vs in no stide.

c. 1449.  Pecock, Repr., V. vi. 514. If thilk gouernaunce … stondith to him in miche goostli stide.

1539.  Wriothesley, in St. Papers Hen. VIII., VIII. 160. Soo that his advise therein could stand them in small stede.

1577.  Hanmer, Anc. Eccl. Hist., Euseb., III. ix. (1585), 44. Josephus him selfe, that hath stoode vs in so great stead, for the furnishing of this our present history.

1665.  Extr. St. Papers rel. Friends, Ser. III. (1912), 241. Our good intentions stand us in little stead.

1749.  Fielding, Tom Jones, V. viii. It is then he will find in what mighty stead that heathen goddess … will stand him.

1848.  Thackeray, Van. Fair, liv. A Johnson’s Dictionary, which stood them in much stead.

1887.  Westall, Capt. Trafalgar, i. 13. Continual practice stood me in better stead than whole volumes of theory.

1891.  Temple Bar, Oct., 177. His [W. Cobbett’s] early training and the lessons which he had learnt from his parents stood him in good stead.

  † c.  Similarly to stand (one) to (good) stead. Also without prep., to stand (one) stead. Obs. rare.

1549.  Chaloner, Erasm. Praise Folly, B j. If ye aske me, what stede these stande me to? I aunsweare [etc.].

1577.  Stanyhurst, Descr. Irel., 1/2, in Holinshed. Thersites … being in outwarde feature so deformed, and in inwarde conditions so crooked, as he seemed to stande to no better steede, then to leade Apes in hell.

1581.  A. Hall, Iliad, V. 95. What stead canst thou the Troyans stand?

  † d.  In various other phrases of like meaning, as to stand (a person) in force, in profit, in vail, at or to avail. To stand stall, in stall: see STALL sb.¹ 2 b. Obs.

c. 1400.  Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton), I. xiii. (1859), 9. It maye hym stande nought in profite ne at none auaile.

1428.  in Engl. Misc. (Surtees, 1890), 7. For y^t yair praiers suld stand John Lyllyng to availl.

c. 1450.  Mirk’s Festial, 76. What maner vertu þat a man haue, but yf he be yn charyte, hit stondys hym in no vayle.

1563.  Homilies, II. Passion, II. 201 b. So the death of Christ shall stande vs in no force, vnlesse we applye it to our selues in suche sort, as God hath appoynted.

  49.  To stand in stead of, to take the place of, represent, do duty for; also instead of, in the stead of, in lieu of. Also with indirect object.

a. 1500.  Gest of Robyn Hode, lxxxi. in Child, Ballads, III. 60. In a yeman’s stede he may the stande, If thou greate nede haue.

1530.  Palsgr., 733/2. Syns my lorde can nat be here him selfe to day, who shall stande in his stede.

1583.  Melbancke, Philotimus, F iv b. Their banquet was ready … and Parmenio & Antigone stoode in steade of sewer and seruitours.

1612.  Benvenuto’s Passenger, II. i. 395. Will stands instead of power, where wee cannot performe.

1847.  C. Brontë, Jane Eyre, ii. To stand in the stead of a parent to a strange child she could not love.

1849.  Tait’s Mag., XVI. 58/1. Chemistry does not stand a man instead of dinner.

1870.  Dickens, E. Drood, xvii. I have undergone some mental distress … which has stood me in the stead of illness.

1882.  Stevenson, Fam. Stud., 283. The rigidity of intricate metrical forms stood him in lieu of precise thought.

1893.  Mrs. H. H. Penrose, in Temple Bar, XCIX. 68. Said Sarah with a down-drawing of the corners of her mouth that stood her instead of a smile.

  50.  To let … stand. a. lit. To leave (a person or thing) undisturbed in an erect position. b. fig. To leave for the time without notice or discussion; to leave in abeyance, let alone.

  For other literal examples, see 29, 32, 32 b.

c. 1205.  Lay., 27159. An his riht honde he lette Lengres stonde.

1297.  R. Glouc., 1276. Þe king þe wule londone bisegede uaste … Ac þo he hurde þat þe romeins icome were to þis londe, To hom he wende hasteliche & let londone stonde.

a. 1300.  Cursor M., 19601. Lat we nu þe prechurs stand, For to spek of a warraiand.

a. 1300.  Harrow. Hell, 136. Ich lete hem [the gates of Hell] stonden and renne away.

1377.  Langl., P. Pl., B. XX. 101. Deth cam dryuende after and al to doust passhed … Lered ne lewed, he let no man stonde.

c. 1400.  Beryn, 157. Pese, quod the hoost of Southwork, let stond þe wyndow glasid.

1535.  Coverdale, 1 Sam. xxiii. 13. Whan it was tolde Saul that Dauid was escaped from Cegila, he let his iourney stonde.

a. 1810.  Tannahill, Poems (1846), 25. She has my vows, but aye I let her stan’, In hopes to win that bonnie lassie’s han’.

1888.  Times (weekly ed.), 22 June, 13/3. To ask the Court to let the case stand.

1889.  Conan Doyle, Micah Clarke, xi. 97. For my own claim, I let it stand for some time.

1898.  H. Newbolt, ‘He fell Among Thieves,’ ii. Let the reckoning stand till day.

  †  51.  The pres. pple. standing, placed before a sb. with which it agrees, or before a clause, has been used in certain ‘absolute’ constructions (cf. during, pending). a. = While (so-and-so) subsists, is retained, remains what it was. Obs.

c. 1380.  Wyclif, Sel. Wks., III. 115. He [Christ] becom man, stondynge his godhed, þat he myȝt not lese.

c. 1400.  Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton), I. xiii. (1859), 9. Yet ouer this will I [Satan] preue by reson, that standing this filthe and dishoneste of synne with whiche he is entachyd, this lauure rather causeth hym to be juged to oure company.

c. 1449.  Pecock, Repr., V. xiii. 554. Not eny yuel, which mai not eesili be remedied, stonding al the good which bifore is rehercid to come bi the same bildingis.

1526.  Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W., 1531), 205 b. For otherwyse (standynge the ordynate iustyce of god) he myght neuer haue … goten by meryt suche hye … dignitie.

1569.  Abp. Parker, in Corr. (1853), 353. I think he should do this thing … better cheap than they may be bought from beyond the seas, standing the paper and goodness of his print.

  † b.  = While (so-and-so) lasts; during. Obs.

c. 1500.  Medwall, Nature, I. 323 (Brandl). Standyng the nonage of thys gentylman.

1512.  in Willis & Clark, Cambridge (1886), I. 609. Duryng the contynuaunce of the seid werkes and standyng the lyff and helth of the said John Wastell.

  † c.  = When (so-and-so) is taken into account; considering, in view of. (The examples might be referred to a; but cf. d.) Obs.

c. 1528.  Wolsey, in Burnet’s Hist. Ref. (1679), I. Rec. II. 52. Which I suppose neither his Holiness nor any true Christian Man can do, standing the manifest occasions, presumptions, and apparent evidences to the contrary.

1532.  More, Confut. Tindale, Wks. 720/1. I can not … perceyue what counsayle Tyndall can geue any manne towarde saluacion, standyng his frantike heresies agaynst free will.

  † d.  As the first word of a clause (with or without that): The fact being that, considering that, since.

c. 1450.  Cov. Myst., 190. Stondynge that ȝe be so wytty and wyse, Can ȝe owth tellyn how this werde was wrought? Ibid., 218. Stondynge ȝe wyl not graunt me grace, But for my synne that I xal dye, I pray ȝow kylle me here in this place.

1513.  More, Rich. III., Wks. 59/1. And y^t he could not well otherwise do, standing that y^e Earle of warwik had so far moued already.

1526.  Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W., 1531), 17. Thynkynge that it was impossyble for them to optayne and wynne the sayd lande, standynge that the people were so myghty and stronge.

  V.  Transitive senses.

  * Originating from the conversion of an indirect into a direct object, from the omission of a prep., or from intrans. uses with cognate object.

  52.  To confront, face, oppose, encounter; to resist, withstand, bear the brunt of.

  † a.  an opponent. Obs.

c. 1325.  Chron. Eng., 72 (Ritson). Yef the word of the spronge That eny mon the stode so longe,… Al thyn honour were leid adoun.

c. 1435.  Torr. Portugal, 81. Full Euyll thow dourst hyme stond.

c. 1450.  Holland, Howlat, 500. Was nane so stur in the steid micht stand him a start.

1470–85.  Malory, Arthur, X. lxxiv. 543. There myghte none stande hym a stroke.

1591.  Shaks., 1 Hen. VI., I. i. 123. Hundreds he sent to Hell, and none durst stand him.

c. 1611.  Chapman, Iliad, XXI. 508. This last heart, made him bold, To stand Achilles. Ibid. (1615), Odyss., VI. 205. All but Nausicaa fled; but she fast stood…. And still she stood him, as resolued to know What man he was.

1719.  De Foe, Crusoe, II. (Globe), 393. They resolved to stand them there.

1770.  Langhorne, Plutarch, Marcus Crassus (Rtldg.), 385/2. The young man cried out, ‘They dare not stand us,’ and followed at full speed.

  b.  a blow or stroke, shot, attack, assault, siege, or the like; also laughter, raillery, indignation, etc.

c. 1330.  Arth. & Merl., 9282. Non no miȝt stond his dent.

15[?].  Adam Bel, 145. There myght no man stand hys stroke.

1605.  Shaks., Lear, III. vii. 54. I am tyed to’ th’ Stake, And I must stand the Course.

1625.  Massinger, New Way, IV. i. I, that haue liu’d a Souldier, And stood the enemies violent charge vndaunted.

a. 1630.  J. Taylor (Water P.), Dog of War, B 2 b. He durst t’haue stood sterne Aiax frowne.

1670.  Dryden, 2nd Pt. Conq. Granada, III. i. The shock of such a curse I dare not stand.

1712.  Tickell, Spect., No. 410, ¶ 4. My good Friend could not well stand the Raillery which was rising upon him.

1748.  Anson’s Voy., II. xiv. 286. Supposing that the troops … should … resolve to stand a general assault.

1803.  Pic Nic, No. 9 (1806), II. 87. Cecilia had stood a siege more than half as long as that of Troy.

1823.  Byron, Age of Bronze, xi. What is the simple standing of a shot, To listening long, and interrupting not?

1837.  Carlyle, Fr. Rev., II. VI. i. He busy meanwhile training a few thousands to stand fire and be soldiers.

1890.  Illustr. Lond. News, 13 Sept., 331/1. These virgin walls have stood unmoved a hundred assaults.

1891.  Hannah Lynch, in Murray’s Mag., Sept., 382. She was ready to stand fire rather than retreat.

  † c.  To be exposed to (stress of weather, or the like). Obs.

1583.  Stubbes, Anat. Abus., II. 41. If the poore come to their houses, their gates be shut against them, where they standing frost and snow, haile, wind or raine whatsoeuer, are forced to tary two houres.

1607.  Shaks., Cor., V. iii. 74. Like a great Sea-marke standing euery flaw.

1726.  Leoni, Alberti’s Archit., I. 45 a. Those parts … which stand all the changes of Weather … very soon decay.

  53.  To endure, undergo, be submitted to (a trial, test, ordeal, or the like). Usually (cf. sense 54), to come through or sustain successfully, (be able) to bear (a test, etc.). Said also of things.

1606.  Shaks., Ant. & Cl., I. iii. 74. And giue true euidence to his Loue, which stands An honourable Triall. Ibid. (1610), Temp., IV. i. 7. All thy vexations Were but my trials of thy loue, and thou Hast strangely stood the test.

1712.  Addison, Spect., No. 409, ¶ 4. The celebrated Works of Antiquity, which have stood the Test of so many different Ages and Countries.

1742.  Blair, Grave, 666. Pure as Silver from the Crucible, That twice has stood the Torture of the Fire And Inquisition of the Forge.

1814.  Mrs. J. West, Alicia de Lacy, IV. 217. ‘Of what shall we hereafter stand question,’ said the Earl of Hereford.

1822.  Lamb, Elia, Ser. I. Artif. Comedy (init.), The business of their dramatic characters will not stand the moral test.

1825.  New Monthly Mag., XV. 201. He has stood the ordeal of a London audience.

1890.  Blackw. Mag., CXLVIII. 749/1. It would not be easy to get up a grievance which would stand a rigid examination.

  b.  spec. To stand one’s trial: to be tried by a court for an offence. Also slang, in the same sense, to stand the patter. † To stand suit: to allow oneself to be sued.

1667.  Pepys, Diary, 27 Aug. Desiring that he may stand his trial in Parliament, if they will accuse him of any thing.

1685.  P. Henry, Diaries & Lett. (1882), 344. Hee … sayes, hee wil stand suit, which if he doe, I know who wil get the better.

1726.  Swift, Gulliver, I. vii. I sometimes thought of standing my trial.

1812.  [see PATTER sb.¹ 1 b].

1891.  J. Macleod, in Chamb. Jrnl., 5 Sept., 571/1. In spite of his solemn assertions of innocence, he was obliged to stand his trial for forgery.

  c.  To submit to, offer to abide by (a judgment, decision, vote); to expose oneself to the chances of (a contested election: cf. 12).

a. 1700.  Evelyn, Diary, 30 Nov. 1682. I was exceedingly indanger’d and importun’d to stand the election [for President of the R. S.].

1713.  Addison, Cato, II. ii. Bid him … Submit his actions to the publick censure, And stand the judgment of a Roman Senate.

1754.  A. Murphy, Gray’s-Inn Jrnl., No. 86, ¶ 10. They would not be at a Loss for a proper Representative … whenever the Author of the Polymetis should be willing to stand the Poll.

1774.  Johnson, Lett. to G. Steevens, 21 Feb., in Boswell. I am desirous of nominating you, if you care to stand the ballot.

1789.  Mrs. Piozzi, Journ. France, I. Pref. 5. [It] induces authors to venture forth, and stand a public decision.

1858.  J. Martineau, Stud. Chr., 122. He who claims by the law, must stand the judgment of the law.

1889.  Gretton, Memory’s Harkback, 244. I thought that the Prince Consort was lowering his position by standing a contest for the office.

1891.  H. Cowell, in Blackw. Mag., CL. 147/1. All through his career, he [Peel] never stood a contested election.

  d.  To stand one’s chance: to take one’s chance, submit to what may befall one.

1796–7.  Jane Austen, Pride & Prej., ii. Mrs. Long and her nieces must stand their chance.

  † e.  To abide by, obey, remain loyal to (an ordinance, etc.). Obs. rare.

c. 1450.  Merlin, vi. 99. The wise men and the high barouns … a-corded to stonde the ordenaunce of the archebisshop.

1573.  Reg. Privy Council Scot., II. 265. Obleissis thame to stand and fulfill the injunctionis and articles quhilk wer aggreit be thame.

  54.  To face, encounter without flinching or retreating (an issue, hazard, etc.). Also in weaker sense, to be exposed or liable to (hazard, fortunes). (Cf. stand to 76 f.)

1594.  Shaks., Rich. III., V. iv. 10. Slaue, I haue set my life vpon a cast, And I will stand the hazard of the Dye. Ibid. (1607), Timon, V. ii. 5. We stand much hazard, if they bring not Timon.

a. 1619.  Fletcher, Knt. Malta, IV. ii. I am sorry ye are so poor, so weak a Gentleman, Able to stand no fortune.

1667.  Pepys, Diary, 2 Sept. He that serves a Prince must expect, and be contented to stand, all fortunes.

1705.  Collier, Ess. Mor. Subj., III. Pain, 16. ’Twas a noble Act of Faith to throw themselves upon Providence, to stand the Event, and face Death under the most frightful Form.

1792.  Charlotte Smith, Desmond, I. 255. A gallant fellow, who had been in the former wars with the English, and stood the hazards of many a bloody day.

  †  55.  To withstand, disobey, hold out against (a command). Obs. rare.

1605.  Shaks., Lear, IV. i. 21 (Qo.). The superfluous and lust-dieted man That stands [Fo. slaues] your ordinance.

c. 1800.  Bob Norice, vii. in Child, Ballads, II. 267. How daur you stand my bidding, Sir, Whan I bid you to flee?

  56.  To stand one’s ground: to maintain one’s position against attack or opposition. Also fig.

1621.  T. Williamson, trans. Goulart’s Wise Vieillard, 99. Thou … wilt not from thy coullers flie, But stand thy ground couragiously.

1688.  Lett. conc. Pres. State Italy, 116. He could not have stood his ground in the Dispute.

1785.  T. Jefferson, Corr., Wks. 1859, I. 379. I have now no further fears of that Arret’s standing its ground.

1804.  Nicholl, in Owen, Wellesley Despatches (1877), 530. I directed the picquets to stand their ground.

1849.  Macaulay, Hist. Eng., vi. II. 115. He could not stand his ground against competitors who were willing to pay such a price for the favour of the court.

1891.  Strand Mag., Jan., 77/1. The donkey … bravely stood his ground.

  57.  To stand a chance (also a good, poor, small, etc., chance; some, little, no chance): to be likely to meet with some (specified or implied) piece of fortune, some danger, some good or ill luck. Const. of (something, doing something), for.

1725.  New Cant. Dict., s.v. Lay, He stands a queer Lay; He stands an odd Chance, or is in great Danger.

1736.  Lediard, Life Marlborough, I. 319. The Duke stood a very ticklish Chance.

1803.  Pic Nic, No. 13 (1806), II. 211. They stood a fair chance of going to hell.

1845.  M. Pattison, Ess. (1889), I. 18. Under such circumstances an obnoxious criminal stood … small chance of justice.

1848.  Jrnl. R. Agric. Soc., IX. II. 281. He would have stood a fair chance for a prize.

1861.  Temple Bar, II. 539. Grey will stand no chance.

1889.  F. C. Philips, Yng. Ainslie’s Courtship, I. vii. 100. With his small deer’s feet and fetlocks he would stand no chance over the snow against your snow-shoes.

  58.  To endure (a physical trial, hardship, etc.) without hurt or damage, without succumbing or giving way: a. of persons and animals.

1839.  T. Mitchell, Frogs of Aristoph., 73, note. A trumpet,… by which horses are proved, as to whether they will stand noises.

1853.  Lytton, My Novel, I. ix. ‘But this climate—she could never stand it,’ said Riccabocca.

1887.  J. Coleman’s Cattle, etc. Gt. Brit., 349. The Shropshire is a hardy sheep … standing moisture better than severe cold.

1892.  Chamb. Jrnl., 19 Sept., 608/1. [Railway engine-] Drivers have to stand all weathers, and with very little protection.

1903.  Sir M. G. Gerard, Leaves fr. Diaries, ii. 47. The great heat renders the tiger comparatively helpless—as he cannot stand the sun.

  b.  of things.

1756.  C. Lucas, Ess. Waters, I. 56. Common glass stands the utmost degree of fire without waste.

1777.  [W. Marshall], Minutes Agric., 28 April. The green-cole and brown-cole stood the winter very well.

1864.  Jrnl. R. Agric. Soc., XXV. II. 360. Turnips will stand almost any amount of frost.

1875.  F. J. Bird, Dyer’s Hand-bk., 45. Very fine shades of blue that will stand soaping.

1890.  C. M. Speedy, in Temple Bar, July, 420. As these dyes will not stand water, should the carpets become wet they are immediately spoilt.

  fig.  1885.  Manch. Exam., 13 July, 5/3. These luxuriant growths of Liberal aspirations will stand pruning.

1885.  Law Times Rep., LIII. 480/2. To avoid … the consequences of having sent in a bill which would not stand taxation.

  59.  To put up with, tolerate; (to be able or willing) to endure.

1626.  G. Sandys, Ovid’s Met., X. 198. A Stag … who … well pleas’d would stand The gentle strokings of a stranger’s hand.

1710.  Steele, Tatler, No. 225, ¶ 2. It is often said, such an one cannot stand the Mention of such a Circumstance.

1750.  Chesterf., Lett., III. ccxxxvi. 76. Till I am satisfied in these particulars, you and I must by no means meet: I could not possibly stand it.

1816.  Scott, Antiq., xliv. Weel, I thought there was naething but what your honour could hae studden in the way o’ agreeable conversation.

1821.  [see NONSENSE 1 c].

1831.  Palmerston, in Sir H. Lytton Bulwer, Life (1874), II. viii. 93. England never would stand the occupation of the Tagus by the French.

1858.  Carlyle, Fredk. Gt., II. iv. (1872), I. 66. Baiern … could not stand to be balked after twenty-years possession.

1869.  Trollope, He knew, etc. lxv. (1878), 361. She … declared that she was not going to stand that kind of thing.

1891.  C. Lowe, in 19th Cent., Dec., 859. The Court cannot and will not stand … journalistic personalities about its members.

  b.  Familiarly in more trivial sense (with negative expressed or implied): To reconcile oneself to, be favorably disposed to, feel any liking for (a repugnant or distasteful object).

1879.  Mrs. Oliphant, Within Precincts, xx. II. 60. She could not stand that Manager fellow. I could not stand him myself.

  60.  To stand watch, to stand a or one’s watch: to keep watch, perform the duty of a watch. Now chiefly Naut., to take part in the duty of a ‘watch’ during a prescribed time.

1605.  Shaks., Macb., V. v. 33. As I did stand my watch vpon the Hill.

c. 1730.  Ramsay, Vision, iv. My wakryfe mynd … still stude watch.

1883.  W. D. Howells, in Century Mag., XXVI. 911/1. Fenton stood the first watch.

1890.  W. Clark Russel, in Chamb. Jrnl., 21 June, 389/1. He’s the ship’s carpenter, and stands watch as second officer.

  61.  colloq. To stand shot (to), rarely to stand the shot: to meet the expenses, pay the bill (for all): see SHOT sb.¹ 23. Similarly to stand Sam, treat: see SAM sb. 1, TREAT sb.¹ 4 d. Also to stand one’s hand (to).

1821.  [see SHOT sb.¹ 23].

1823–87.  [see SAM sb. 1].

1837–85.  [see TREAT sb.¹ 4 d].

1883.  J. Purves, in Contemp. Rev., Sept., 356. At the one year’s end and the beginning of the other, he must stand his hand like the rest.

1890.  Sat. Rev., 3 May, 526/2. He [Mr. Lowther] went to the office of the Sporting Life, and requested that his speech might be published from his dictation, offering to take the consequences and stand the shot.

1892.  H. Nisbet, Bushranger’s Sweetheart, viii. 58. I used to see her … ‘standing her hand’ liberally to all who happened to be in the bar.

  b.  To bear the expense of, make a present of, pay for (a treat). Const. to or dative of the recipient. colloq.

1835.  Dickens, Sk. Boz, Dancing Academy. Mr. Augustus Cooper … ‘stood’ considerable quantities of spirits-and-water.

1840.  Thackeray, Shabby-genteel Story, ii. I’ll stand glasses round to his jolly good health! Ibid. (1848), Van. Fair, xiii. I know my father will stand something handsome.

1890.  Bret Harte, in Lippincott’s Mag., May, 633. If I don’t give it to you, I’ll stand you a dinner.

1891.  Sat. Rev., 18 April, 482/1. They flung their wages out of the windows, or, in other words, stood drinks promiscuously to all-comers.

  c.  With indirect obj. only = to stand drink for (a person or persons). colloq.

1894.  Mrs. Dyan, All in Man’s Keeping (1899), 173. Sit down here, and I’ll stand you both.

  62.  To stand the market: to attend market in order to sell goods or to hire oneself out. dial.

  Cf. to overstand one’s market s.v. MARKET sb. 6.

1866.  W. Dobson, Diary of P. Walkden, 42, note. It was customary for carts with cannel to ‘stand the market.’

1886.  Cheshire Gloss., s.v., Farmers’ wives call it standing the market when they sell their butter, eggs, &c., in the open market instead of taking them to shops or from house to house.

1886.  York Herald, 4 Sept., Suppl. 3/3. The first harvest hirings were held at Malton on Saturday…. There was a good number of men ‘standing the market.’

  63.  Racing, etc. a. To bet, wager (a sum of money) on or about a result, ? Obs.

1804.  S. Chifney, Genius Genuine, 155. The fellow had asked him to stand fifty guineas with him on the match.

1825.  New Monthly Mag., XVI. 375. Made up my mind … to stand something about the double event, if I could get any thing worth having.

  b.  To bet on the success of, ‘back’ (a horse).

1890.  Daily News, 10 Dec., 3/7. Backers were also well on the mark in standing Alfred for the Park selling Hurdle.

1891.  Standard, 9 March, 3/7. I shall stand Flower of the Forest for the … Hunters’ Steeplechase. Ibid. (1892), 25 July, 2/5. I shall stand him to carry his 12lb. penalty successfully.

  64.  Hunting. Of a dog: To set (game). Cf. 4 c.

1863.  W. C. Baldwin, Afr. Hunting, viii. 333. Juno returns and stands them one after another.

1892.  Field, 7 May, 671/3. He finds his birds, and stands them well.

  ** Causative.

  65.  To cause to stand; to place or leave standing; to set (a thing) upright; to place firmly or steadily in a specified position. Also with advs., as up. Only colloq. or in familiar writing.

1837.  Dickens, Pickw., xxvi. The pretty house-maid had stood the candle on the floor. Ibid. (1848), Dombey, ii. A plump and apple-faced boy, whom he stood down on the floor.

1848.  Jrnl. R. Agric. Soc., IX. II. 560. Sharpen the pole … and stand it in the ground.

1850.  Dickens, Dav. Copp., xxxii. A low iron [fender], with two flat bars at top to stand plates upon.

1873.  M. Collins, Squire Silchester, I. i. 17. She would … stand her in a corner if she gave herself airs.

1878.  W. Mackay Laffan, in Scribner’s Monthly, XV. 763/1. I stood my rifle against a tree.

1889.  ‘Mrs. Alexander,’ Crooked Path, I. v. 153. I’ve stood them [a chest of drawers] open all last night and this morning, but they ain’t much the better.

1892.  Illustr. Sporting & Dram. News, 17 Dec., 494/3. We recommend the driver to stand his horse in running water.

1894.  Jrnl. R. Agric. Soc., June, 230. Owners were compelled to resort to the fields near the borough to stand their horses.

1905.  Wastell & Bayley, Hand Camera, 126. The negatives are then finished, and may be stood up to dry…. They must not be stood close together in a rack.

  b.  refl. rare.

1848.  Dickens, Dombey, xxv. The Captain then stood himself up in a corner, against the wall.

  VI.  With prepositions. (The more literal and obvious meanings are left to be inferred from the simple senses above and those of the various prepositions.)

  66.  Stand about —.

  a.  lit. To surround; = L. circumstare.

c. 1368.  Chaucer, Compl. Pity, 36. Aboute hir herse there stoden lustely … Bounte parfyt [etc.].

1535.  Coverdale, Job xxix. 4. When my housholde folkes stode aboute me.

1849.  M. Arnold, Sick King Bokhara, 105. They who stood about the King.

  † b.  fig. To spend time upon, stay to consider, wait for (something to be done). Obs.

c. 1555.  Towrson, in Hakluyt, Voy. (1599), II. II. 30. As for their arrowes, I haue not as yet seene any of them, for they had wrapped them up close, and because I was busie I could not stand about it, to haue them open them.

1579.  Fulke, Refut. Rastel, 708. I will not stand about this trifling cauil.

  67.  Stand against, † again(s —.

  a.  To stand and face (an antagonist, etc.); to withstand, oppose, resist. Also, to resist successfully, hold one’s ground against. Said also of things. (Cf. 10 and AGAIN-STAND v.)

a. 1122.  O. E. Chron. (Laud MS.), an. 1046. Þæh him lað wære þæt hi onʓean heora cyne-hlaford standan sceoldan.

c. 1200.  Ormin, 2785. He maȝȝ stanndenn wel onnȝæn Þe deofell wiþþ swillc wæpenn.

a. 1300.  Cursor M., 4096. Þi bod i aght noght to stand agayn.

c. 1330.  Arth. & Merl., 4842. Armes non, ywrouȝt wiþ hond, Oȝain his dent no miȝt stond.

a. 1400–50.  Wars Alex., 1322. Was nane sa stiffe in þat stoure miȝt stand him agayn.

c. 1450.  Merlin, 1. Our strengthes … may nought … again him stonde in no diffence.

1593.  Abp. Bancroft, Daung. Posit., IV. xii. 169. That the people are inflamed with zeale, & that it is impossible to stand against it.

1687.  Burnet, Contin. Reply to Varillas, 102. He finding that he was not able to stand against so strong a Party, submitted himself to them.

1820.  Scott, Monast., Introd. Ep. I hae fund something now that stands again’ the spade, as if it were neither earth nor stane.

1833.  Nyren, Yng. Cricketer’s Tutor, 114. He [Aylward] had to stand against the finest bowling of the day—that of Lumpy.

1881.  Mrs. Lynn Linton, My Love, II. viii. 156. I will not stand against your happiness.

1890.  Conan Doyle, Firm of Girdlestone, xi. 85. No firm could stand against such a run of bad luck.

  † b.  To feel repugnance for. Obs.