Wood sb.¹

Forms: 1 widu, wiodu, wudu, 2–3 wude, 3–6 (7 Sc.) wode, 4–6 wodd, woode, (7 Sc.) wod, wodde, (3 wd(d)e, 4 uud, Sc. vod, woud, voud, 5 woyd, whode, vode, voode, 6 woodde, wud), 5–6 Sc. wid(d, 5– wood, (9 Sc. wudd). [OE. widu, wiodu, later wudu str. m. = OHG. witu, wito (MHG. wite, wit), ON. viðr (Sw., Da. ved):—OTeut. *widuz (cf. OIr. fid tree, wood, Gael. fiodh timber, wood, wilderness, W. gwŷdd trees:—*widu-).]

  I.  † 1. A tree. Obs.

Beowulf, 1364. Wudu wyrtum fæst.

c. 725.  Corpus Gloss., P 420. Pinus, furhwudu.

a. 1000.  Phœnix, 37. Wintres & sumeres wudu bið ʓelice bledum ʓehongen.

c. 1220.  Bestiary, 245. Ilkines sed Boðen of wude and of wed. Ibid., 326. He werpeð er hise hornes In wude er in ðornes.

[1526.  Tindale, Rev. xxii. 2. Off ether syde off the ryver was there wode [Gr. ξύλον] off lyfe: which bare xij manner off frutes;… and the leves off the wodde served to heale the people with all.]

  † b.  transf. applied to objects made from trees or their branches, e.g., a ship (in OE. freq.), a spear, the Cross. (Cf. TREE sb. 3–6.) Obs.

  In mod. arch. use associated with sense 7.

a. 1000.  Dream of Rood, 27. Ongan sprecan wudu selesta.

a. 1400–50.  Wars Alex., 798. So sare was þe semble þire seggis be-twene, Þat al to-wraiste þai þar wode & werpis in-sondire.

1866.  Neale, Sequences & Hymns, 46. His precious Body … broken on The Wood.

  2.  A collection of trees growing more or less thickly together (esp. naturally, as distinguished from a plantation), of considerable extent, usually larger than a grove or copse (but including these), and smaller than a forest; a piece of ground covered with trees, with or without undergrowth.

  † Honey of the wood: = wood-honey (sense 10).

c. 825.  Vesp. Psalter, ciii. 20. Omnes bestiae silvarum, alle wilddeor wuda.

858.  Grant, in Birch, Cartul. Sax., II. 101. Butan ðem wioda ðe to ðem sealtern limpð.

c. 1000.  Ælfric, Saints’ Lives, xxx. 31. He … ræsde into þam wudu þær he þiccost wæs.

a. 1122.  O. E. Chron. (Laud MS.), an. 1112. Ðis wæs swiðe god ʓear & swiðe wistfull on wudan & on feldan.

a. 1200.  Moral Ode, 344, in O. E. Hom., I. 181. Hi muwen lihtliche gon…. Ðurh ane godliese wude in-to ane bare felde.

c. 1290.  Kenelm, 150, in S. Eng. Leg., 349. He[o] wende to þe wode of clent.

1297.  R. Glouc. (Rolls), 3887. In þe oþer half beþ grete wodes, lese & mede al so.

a. 1300.  Cursor M., 8785. Mani wodds ha þai thoru gan, Bot suilk a tre ne fand þai nan.

c. 1380.  Wyclif, Sermon, Sel. Wks. II. 4. Hony of þe woode.

c. 1385.  Chaucer, L. G. W., 806, Thisbe. There comyth a wilde lyones Out of the wode.

c. 1400.  Destr. Troy, 1350. Ouer hilles & hethes into holte woddes.

14[?].  Stat. King’s Forests (Douce MS. 335. fol. 73). As touching the kinges veert that is to say the kinges wodes.

1426.  Lydg., De Guil. Pilgr., 11606. Gladly ffolkys I conveye … To ward the voode, to gadre fflours.

c. 1480.  Henryson, Robene & Makyne, 11. Nathing of lufe I knaw, Bot keipis my scheip vndir ȝone wid.

1535.  Coverdale, Ps. lxxix. 13. The wilde bore out of the wod hath wrutt it vp.

1598.  Manwood, Lawes Forest, viii. 41. Where the trees do grow scattering here and there one, so that those trees do not one of them touch an other, such places are called woods, but they are not properly to be called couerts.

c. 1614.  Sir W. Mure, Dido & Æneas, II. 216. Then are those lovers two A hunting in the woddes resolv’d to goe.

1617.  Moryson, Itin., I. 203. Hils … adorned with some pleasant woods (which in higher Germany are of firre).

1754.  Gray, Poesy, 66. Woods, that wave o’er Delphi’s steep.

1847.  Tennyson, Princess, IV. 180. I … push’d alone on foot … Across the woods.

1860.  Tyndall, Glac., I. xxv. 177. We proceeded slowly upwards, through woods of pine.

1880.  Stevenson, Across the Plains, ii. (1892), 81. All woods lure a rambler onwards.

  b.  Woods and Forests, more fully Woods, Forests, and Land Revenues, a department of the Civil Service (see quot. 1810).

1803.  Lond. Gaz., No. 15547. 34/1. Surveyor-General of His Majesty’s Woods, Oaks, Forests, and Chaces.

1810.  Act 50 Geo. III., c. 65 § 1. Such Commissioners so to be appointed, shall be and be called ‘The Commissioners of His Majesty’s Woods, Forests, and Land Revenues.’

1812.  1st Rep. Comm. Woods, Forests, etc., 18. Department of Woods and Forests.

1850.  Carlyle, Latter-d. Pamph., vii. (1858), 247. But as to Statues, I really think the Woods-and-Forests ought to interfere.

1853.  Dickens, Bleak Ho., xii. You can’t offer him the Presidency of the Council,… You can’t put him in the Woods and Forests.

  3.  Without article, in general or collective sense: Wooded country, woodland; trees collectively (growing together). Now rare exc. as in BRUSHWOOD 2, COPSEWOOD 2, UNDERWOOD.

c. 897.  K. Ælfred, Gregory’s Past. C., xxi. 167. To wuda we gað mid urum freondum.

a. 1100.  Gerefa, in Anglia, IX. 259. Ʒe on dune, ʓe on wuda, ʓe on wætere.

c. 1200.  Ormin, 14568. Wude, & feld, & dale, & dun, all wass i waterr sunnkenn.

c. 1300.  K. Horn, 661 (Laud). Þe king rod on huntingge, To wode he gan wende.

c. 1450.  Godstow Reg., 33. In toftis in croftis, in wode and mede.

1557.  Lanc. Wills (1884), 58. Towe hundreth Acres of Pasture xx^ta acres of woodde.

1615.  G. Sandys, Trav., 89. High land…: full of tall wood.

1686.  trans. Chardin’s Trav. Persia, 199. Luarzab … shut up the Passages by felling an infinite number of Wood.

1737.  Daily Gazetteer, 21 Feb., 2/2. Advt., To be Sold. A very large Quantity of all sorts of Wood, with or without the Estate on which it stands.

1767.  A. Young, Farmer’s Lett. to People, 149. The real interest of the country requires that none but the worst lands be covered with wood.

1810.  Scott, Lady of L., III. vi. Whole nights he spent oy moon-light pale, To wood and stream his hap to wail.

  4.  transf. and fig. A collection or crowd of spears or the like (suggesting the trees of a wood); gen. a collection, crowd, ‘lot,’ ‘forest.’ (After L. silva.) Now rare or Obs.

1584.  Hudson, Du Bartas’ Judith, V. 500. Though my buckler bore a wood of darts.

1610.  B. Jonson, Alch., III. ii. The whole family, or wood of you.

[1664.  H. More, Myst. Iniq., 331. I might … observe what is answerable in the Church of Rome to the Vinalia, Robigalia, Terminalia, Parentalia, Proserpinalia, and other Feasts of the Gentiles; but this wood is so wide, that I may easilier lose my self in it then get through it.]

1670.  G. H., trans. Hist. Cardinals, III. III. 328. Cardinal Savelli … having discover’d his natural infirmities…, the whole Wood of his other good qualities were not sufficient to ballance them.

1670.  Dryden, 1st Pt. Conq. Granada, II. (1672), 14. A wood of Launces.

a. 1674.  Milton, Hist. Moscovia, Pref., Wks. 1851, VIII. 469. In such a wood of words.

1704.  Norris, Ideal World, II. ii. 79. What a wood of difficulties and objections this side of the question is incompassed with.

1798.  Sotheby, trans. Wieland’s Oberon (1826), I. 2. A wood of threat’ning lances.

  5.  Phrases and Proverbs. † a. In a wood: in a difficulty, trouble or perplexity; at a loss. So b. Out of the wood (U.S. woods). (Cf. quot. 1664 in sense 4.) c. To go to the woods: to lose social status, be banished from society. d. Man of the woods: = ORANG-OUTANG. e. A bird in the hand is better than two in the wood (and similar phrases; now usually with substitution of bush, BUSH sb.¹ 1 c): a smaller actual advantage is preferable to the mere chance of a larger one. † f. To have an eye to the wood: to be on the look-out for some advantage. g. Not to see the wood († see wood) for the trees († for trees): to lose the view of the whole in the multitude of details. † h. More ways to the wood than one: different methods of attaining the same result (and similar phrases).

  a.  1658–9.  Burton’s Diary (1828), III. 415. I am afraid we are in a wood. No wonder the nation is puzzled, when the wisdom of the nation is puzzled in this place.

1700.  T. Brown, trans. Fresny’s Amusem., 115. I am in a Wood, there are so many of them [sc. coffee-houses] I know not which to enter.

1786.  Mme. D’Arblay, Diary, 28 Nov. I assured him I was quite in a wood, and begged him to be more explicit.

  b.  1792.  Mme. D’Arblay, Lett., 20 Dec. Mr. Windham says we are not yet out of the wood, though we see the path through it.

1801.  [see HALLOO v. 2 b].

a. 1849.  Poe, Tales, X-ing a Paragrab. Dxn’t crxw, anxther time, befxre yxu’re xut xf the wxxds!

1887.  Times (weekly ed.), 21 Oct., 8/3. It remains to be seen yet whether the Germans are not shouting before they are out of the wood.

1889.  ‘Edna Lyall,’ Derrick Vaughan, i. 12. In a few months,… I noticed a fresh sign that he was out of the wood.

1890.  Boston (Mass.) Jrnl., 21 Nov., 2/2. The people of North Dakota seem not to be out of the woods in the matter of prohibition.

1902.  Wister, Virginian, xxix. When a patient reaches this stage [of convalescence], he is out of the woods.

  c.  1891.  Pall Mall Gaz., 16 June, 1–2. Two other gamblers whose social position was at least equal to Sir William’s have gone during the last twenty years ‘to the woods.’

  d.  1755.  Hist. Descr. Tower Lond., 25. You are … shewn in this Yard a Man of the Wood.

1774, 1836.  [see ORANG-OUTANG].

1852.  Th. Ross, trans. Humboldt’s Trav., II. xx. 270. The hairy man of the woods.

  e.  c. 1530.  [see BIRD sb. 6].

1546.  J. Heywood, Prov., I. xi. (1867), 30. Better one byrde in hande than ten in the wood.

1621.  T. Granger, Eccles. xi. 5. 297. A bird in the hand is far better then two in the wood.

  f.  1578.  H. Wotton, Courtlie Controv., 292. The Damoysell making a signe to hir supplyante [printed supply oute] (who had alwayes an eie to the wood).

  g.  1546.  J. Heywood, Prov., II. iv. (1867), 51. Plentie is no deintie, ye see not your owne ease. I see, ye can not see the wood for trees.

1583.  Melbancke, Philotimus, S ij b. Thou canst not or wilt not see wood for trees.

1640.  Howell, Dodona’s Gr., 217. He could not have beene able as hee went along to have seene the Wood for Trees.

1751.  Affect. Narr. H.M.S. Wager, 92. This was like, not seeing the Wood for Trees.

1888.  Pater, Ess. fr. Guardian (1896), 95. Garrick … bears no very distinct figure. One hardly sees the wood for the trees.

  h.  1546.  J. Heywood, Prov., II. ix. (1867), 75. Ye tooke The wrong way to wood. Ibid., 77. There be mo waies to the wood than one.

1569.  Blague, Sch. Conceytes, 64. Couetous men, which studie all the wayes to the wood to saue their money.

1597.  T. Morley, Introd. Mus., 74. There bee (as the Prouerbe sayeth) more wayes to the Wood then one.

  II.  6. The substance of which the roots, trunks and branches of trees or shrubs consist; trunks or other parts of trees collectively (whether growing or cut down ready for use).

  Also with qualification, as BRUSHWOOD 1, TALWOOD; small wood, young wood.

c. 897.  K. Ælfred, Gregory’s Past. C., xxi. 167. Se se ðe unwærlice ðone wuda hiewð, & sua his freond ofsliehð.

a. 1000.  Gnomic Verses, ii. 110. Wuda and wætres nyttað.

c. 1205.  Lay., 8700. Heo bi-gunnen þene wude feollen.

c. 1400.  trans. Secr. Secr., Gov. Lordsh., 97. Hewynge of wode.

c. 1440.  Lydg., Hors, Shepe & G., 121. The hors is nedeful wode & stuff to carie.

14[?].  Stat. King’s Forests (Douce MS. 335, fol. 73). If ther be ony man that … caryeth a way ony smal wode.

1479[?].  Engl. Gilds (1870), 425. That no wodde there be solde vntil the price be sett vpon it by the saide maire.

1482.  Stonor Papers (Camden), II. 141. That non young vode be stryyd.

1547.  Boorde, Introd. Knowl. (1870), 121. In dyuers places in England there is wood the which doth turne into stone.

1573–80.  Tusser, Husb. (1878), 40. Fruit gathred too timely wil taste of the wood.

1611.  Cotgr., Bois de brin, round, or vncleft-small-wood.

1642.  Fuller, Holy & Prof. St., V. xiv. 414. The wood will pay for the ground.

1756.  C. Lucas, Ess. Waters, III. 64. This stone I took to be wood petrified.

1828.  L. Kennedy & Grainger, Tenancy of Land, 151. Timber elm grows more commonly than any other kind of wood excepting beech.

1855.  T. F. Hardwich, Phot. Chem. (ed. 2), 289. Acetic Acid is … produced … by heating wood in close vessels.

  b.  as prepared for and used in arts and crafts.

  In predicative use sometimes = wooden. (OE. regularly used tréow TREE (sb. B. 2) in this sense.)

a. 1300.  Cursor M., 22543. Wodd and wall al dun sal drau.

1551–2.  in Feuillerat, Revels Edw. VI. (1914), 80. Y^e scabbarde of wood turned.

1577.  Googe, trans. Heresbach’s Husb., 46. Sythes we vse to sharpe with Whetstones or instruments of Wood.

1591.  Shaks., 1 Hen. VI., V. iii. 90. He talkes of wood: It is some Carpenter.

1622.  J. Taylor (Water P.), Merry Wherry-Ferry Voy., Wks. (1630), II. 15. Edwin … pluck’d the Minster down that then was wood, And made it stone.

166[?].  Petty, in Sprat, Hist. Roy. Soc. (1667), 285. Colouring of Wood and Leather by Lime, Salt, and Liquors.

1687.  A. Lovell, trans. Thevenot’s Trav., I. 22. The model of the Mosque in wood.

a. 1700.  Evelyn, Diary, 4 Sept. 1677. The gates are wood … plated over with iron.

1711.  Addison, Spect., No. 37, ¶ 1. Other Counterfeit Books upon the upper Shelves … were carved in Wood.

1776.  Gibbon, Decl. & F., ii. (1782), I. 56. No wood, except cedar, very curiously carved, was employed in any part of the building.

1781.  Crabbe, Library, 502. Bibles bound in wood.

1816.  W. Y. Ottley, Hist. Engraving, I. i. 5. The Origin of Engraving in Wood.

1852.  R. A. Willmott, Pleas. Lit. (ed. 2), vii. 40. All the classic authors—in wood, with bright backs.

  c.  as used for fuel; FIREWOOD.

  † Occas. coll. sing. faggots; locally, small coal (quot. 1805).

c. 888.  Ælfred, Boeth., xxxix. § 4. Ær he hi bewæʓ mid wuda utan & forbærnde þa mid fyre.

a. 1225.  Ancr. R., 402. Gedereð wude þerto, mid þe poure wummon of Sarepte.

c. 1340.  Richard Rolle of Hampole, Prick of Conscience, 3189. Als wodde brinnes, þat es sadde and hevy.

c. 1425.  Voc., in Wr.-Wülcker, 657/15. Hoc focale, wode to the fyre.

1480.  Howard Househ. Bks. (Roxb.), 18. Thei have received opon making of the iij. M. wode xiiij.s. viij.d.

1497.  Naval Acc. Hen. VII. (1896), 224. cc wode xij^d & iiij candell v^d.

1560.  Bible (Geneva), Ezek. xxiv. 10. Heape on muche wood: kindle the fyre.

a. 1568.  in Bannatyne MS. (Hunter. Club), 35. As fyre the wid we se Dois burne.

1639.  J. Taylor (Water P.), Part Summer’s Trav., 44. The miserable Stipend or Hireling wages will hardly buy wood to make a fire for him.

1805.  Forsyth, Beauties Scot., III. 511. The small coal used to heat the salt-pans is universally called wood by the salters on the eastern coast of Scotland.

1808.  Scott, Marm., VI. Introd. 1. Heap on more wood!—the wind is chill.

  d.  Hort. The substance forming the head of a tree or shrub; branch-wood; also, branches collectively; in a fruit tree, primarily leaf-bearing, as distinguished from fruit-bearing, branches. (Cf. wood-bud, -branch in 10.)

1523–34.  Fitzherb., Husb., § 130. [Withies] be trees that wyll soone be nourysshed, and they wyll beare inoche woodde.

1572.  Mascall, Plant. & Graff,. 46. If there be in your trees certain branches of superfluous wood that ye will cut of.

1658.  Evelyn, Fr. Gard. (1675), 32. Every Bud which hath but a single leaf produces only wood.

1721.  Mortimer, Husb., II. 302. A Peach, the more it runs to Wood,… the better it will bear.

1842.  Loudon, Suburban Hort., 705. Gardeners, when pruning for wood, cut farther back than when pruning for fruit.

1858.  Glenny, Gard. Every-day Bk., 211/1. When a Heath has done blooming, and before it makes its new wood, is the time for pruning it into shape.

  e.  As the material of an idol or image. (Biblical.)

1535.  Coverdale, Ezek. xx. 32. Wod & stone wil we worshipe.

1567.  Gude & Godlie B. (S. T. S.), 236. Bewar, I am ane Ielous God, I am na Image, stock nor wod.

1682.  Letany for S. Omers, II. ix. All Adorers of the Mass, Who bow to Wood, and Stone, and Brass.

1819.  Heber, Hymn, ‘From Greeneland’s icy Mountains.’ The Heathen, in his blindness, Bows down to wood and stone!

  f.  spec. (Hort. and Bot.) The hard compact fibrous substance lying between the bark outside and the pith within.

1600.  Surflet, Country Farm, III. xiv. 449. It is vsuall to graft betwixt the wood and the barke, when trees begin to put vp their sap.

1673–4.  Grew, Anat. Pl. (1682), 113. The next general part of a Branch, is the Wood; which lyeth betwixt the Barque and the Pith.

1875.  Laslett, Timber, 20. A drying up or wasting away of the wood immediately surrounding the pith.

1877.  A. W. Bennett, trans. Thomé’s Bot., 333. In the anatomical structure of the wood Gymnosperms resemble Dicotyledons in all essential particulars.

  g.  A particular kind of wood; freq. pl. kinds of wood. In Pharmacy formerly applied to particular kinds used medicinally: see quots.

  Phr. † To tell what wood the ship is made of, to be seasick.

  1580.  Lyly, Euphues (Arb.), 248. Philautus not accustomed to these narrow Seas, was more redy to tell what wood the ship was made of, then to aunswer to Euphues discourse.

1581.  A. Hall, Iliad, IV. 73. A wood full fit to forge the trolling wheeles Of chariots.

1602.  W. S., Thomas Ld. Cromwell, II. ii. To my victtualles went the Sailers, and thinking me to bee a man of better experience then any in the shippe, asked mee what Woode the shippe was made of.

[1608.  Armin, Nest Ninn., C 1 b. Iemy stood fearefull of euery calme billow, where it was no boote to bid him tell what the ship was made of, for he did it deuoutly.]

1661.  Culpepper & Cole, Pharm. Lond., 7/3. Cypress. This Wood laid amongst cloaths, secures them from Moths.

1687.  Blome, Pres. St. Amer., 14. Woods for the use of Dyers…. Sweet smelling and curious Woods.

1712.  trans. Pomet’s Hist. Drugs, I. 63. The Nephritic Wood is thick, without Knots.

a. 1774.  Goldsm., Surv. Exp. Philos. (1776), I. 292. To ascertain how much friction some woods have more than other woods.

1829.  Loudon, Encycl. Plants, 604. Many of the red Indian woods tra[n]sude a blood red juice.

1875.  Laslett, Timber, 27. The hard and strong woods used for architectural purposes.

  1772.  Macbride, Th. & Pract. Physic, 635. A pint of decoction of the sudorific woods.

1799.  Underwood, Dis. Childhood (ed. 4), II. 15. A decoction of the woods.

1848.  Dunglison, Med. Lex., Woods, Sudorific.… This term is applied, collectively, to the guaiacum, sassafras, china, and sarsaparilla; which are often used together to form the sudorific decoction.

1890.  Billings, Med. Dict. Woods, the, those formerly in repute as antisyphilitics.

  h.  transf. A hard substance found in the head of an elephant.

1829.  C. Rose, Four Yrs. S. Africa, 236. I sat on one [elephant] while they searched for the wood in his head. It lies about an inch beneath the skin imbedded in fat, just above the eye, and has the appearance of a thorn, or a small piece of twig broken off.

  i.  In echoes of the L. proverb which appears in Erasmus’s Adagia, II. V. xlvii in the form Ne e quovis ligno Mercurius fiat (see quot. c. 1594, and cf. A. Otto, Sprichwörter der Römer, 220); hence, the ‘material’ or ‘stuff’ of which a person is ‘made.’

  Cf. similar uses of Gr. ὔλη, F. bois.

[1588.  Shaks., L. L. L., IV. iii. 249. Is Ebonie like her? O word divine? A wife of such wood were felicitie.]

c. 1594.  Bacon, Promus of Formularies & Elegancies (1898), 19. A mercury cannot be made of every wood (bvt priapus may). Ibid. (1594), Lett. to Ld. Puckering, in Spedding, Lett. & Life (1861), I. 293. I hope you will think I am no unlikely piece of wood to shape you a true servant of.

1626.  T. H[awkins], trans. Caussin’s Holy Crt., 5. Vertue is a merueylous workewoman, who can make Mercury of any wood.

1826.  Disraeli, Viv. Grey, IV. i. I know better than most men of what wood a minister is made.

1831.  Scott, Cast. Dang., v. The wood of which a knight is made, and that is a squire.

  7.  Something made of wood: spec. a. The wooden part of something, as the shaft of a spear. b. A block of wood used for engraving or printing, as distinguished from a metal plate or type. c. The cask or barrel as a receptacle for liquor, as distinguished from the bottle. d. slang. The pulpit. e. The wooden wind-instruments in an orchestra collectively (also called the wood wind: see 10 below). f. Each of the bowls in the game of bowls.

  a.  1683.  Moxon, Mech. Exerc., Printing, xv. ¶ 9. A long piece of … Wyer … fastned into the Wood of the under half of the Mold.

1697.  Dryden, Æneis, XI. 1191. The Wood [of the javelin] she draws, the steely Point remains.

  b.  1839.  J. Jackson, Wood Engraving, viii. 720. Wood engraving is necessarily confined, by the size of the wood, to the execution of subjects of … small dimensions.

1856.  in Ruskin, Rossetti (1899), 137. An engraving on wood of my picture … there is an objection to sending ‘the wood’ travelling.

  c.  1826.  J. Wilson, Noctes Ambr., Wks. 1855, I. 174. When the speerit’s been years in the wudd.

1882.  J. Ashton, Soc. Life Reign Q. Anne, I. 199. Ordinary clarets from the wood 4s. to 6s. per gallon.

  d.  1854.  Thackeray, Newcomes, xi. They say he’s a pleasant fellow out of the wood.

1886.  Sat. Rev., 10 July, 45/2. Mr. Beecher’s activity has not been altogether confined to what irreverent people call ‘the wood’ when it is said that he is under other than spiritual guidance.

1897.  Rye, Norfolk Songs, 129. You are very good in flannel, Sir. I’ll come on Sunday, and see if you are as good in wood.

  e.  1879.  E. Prout, Instrum., 77. The brass instruments, used … in combination with strings or wood.

1901.  W. J. Henderson, Orchestra, 81. The ‘wood’ … in the modern orchestra consists of flutes, oboes, clarinets and bassoons.

  f.  1884.  Doherty, N. Barlow, viii. 49. Here ancient fogies … tried To better aim their wandering ‘woods’ to guide.

1912.  J. A. Manson, Compl. Bowler, 194. The skip may … summon a player from the mat to look at the lie of the ‘woods’ before delivering his bowl.

  8.  Phrases. † a. Against the wood: ‘against the grain’ (GRAIN sb.¹ 16 b). † b. A piece of wood: a contemptuous appellation for a stupid person; a blockhead. c. Wood and wood: see quots. d. To take in wood (local U.S. colloq.): see quot. e. In names of certain trees: Wood of Jerusalem, a variety of pear; Wood of life = LIGNUM VITÆ 1.

  a.  a. 1568.  Ascham, Scholem. (Arb.), 35. Such a witte … well handled by the mother,… and wrought as it should, not ouerthwartlie, and against the wood, by the scholemaster.

  b.  1691.  New Disc. Old Intreague, xxv. Next him Sir Ralph,… a very piece of Wood.

  c.  a. 1625.  Manwayring, Seaman’s Dict., Wood and Wood, that is when two timbers are let into each other so close that the wood of the one doth join close to the other.

1688.  R. Holme, Armoury, III. 337/2. A straight Board, with a Staffe in the side, to draw over Corn in measureing,… Which measureing is termed Wood and Wood.

1805.  [D. Steel], Shipwright’s Vade-M., 142. Wood and Wood. This term implies that when a treenail, &c. is driven through its point is directly even with the inside surface, whether plank or timber.

  d.  1839.  Marryat Diary Amer. Ser. I. II. 230. In the West, where steam-navigation is so abundant, when they ask you to drink they say, ‘Stranger, will you take in wood?’

  e.  1597.  Gerarde, Herbal, III. cxviii. 1309. Italian Lignum vitæ, or woode of Life, groweth to a faire and beautiful tree.

1600.  Surflet, Countrie Farme, III. xlix. 537. Peares, such as … the wood of Hierusalem.

1688.  R. Holme, Armoury, II. 79/1. The Lignum Vite, or wood of Life, hath a smooth leaf.

1760.  J. Lee, Introd. Bot., App. 332.

  III.  attrib. and Comb.

  9.  General: a. attrib. or as adj. Made or consisting of wood, wooden.

1538.  Test. Ebor. (Surtees), VI. 76. All wodde implementes.

1545.  Rates of Custome Ho., d j. Wod crosses for bedes.

1578.  Knaresb. Wills (Surtees), I. 133. Fower woodd bottels, one lether botle.

a. 1674.  Milton, Hist. Moscovia, i. Wks. 1851, VIII. 471. The … Sap of thir Wood-fewel burning on the fire.

1770.  Luckombe, Hist. Printing, 316. This Wood Handle with long working often grows loose.

1846.  Mrs. Gore, Engl. Char. (1852), 3. Smooth as glass,—level as wood pavement.

1849.  D. Campbell, Inorg. Chem., 16. A wood match red immediately rekindles when dipped into a jar of [oxygen].

1863.  A. Young, Naut. Dict. (ed. 2), 448. Wood-sheathing is used most generally for covering a vessel’s bottom that has been partially wormed.

1879.  E. Prout, Instrum., 57. The ‘wood instruments’ in ordinary use in the orchestra.

1897.  Mary Kingsley, W. Africa, 378. To store enough wood to go twenty miles you had to have wood billets everywhere; all over the deck,… &c.

1901.  J. Black’s Carp. & Build., Home Handicr., 61. Tarsia … was a species of wood inlay or mosaic.

1912.  T. D. Atkinson, Cathedrals, 180. The nave was covered with a wood ceiling.

  b.  attrib. (a) in sense 2 or 3, as wood country, † -dike, † -eaves, -edge, -end (END sb. 2), -ground, -music, -path, -pathway, -ride, † -rim, scenery, -shadow, -song, -stream, -top, -walk, -way, -world; dwelling in or haunting a wood or woods, sylvan, as wood-bird, † -burgess (fig.), chorister (fig.), -demon, -folk, fowl, -god, -goddess, -knight, -tike; growing in woods, as wood-moss, root, weed; (b) in sense 6, as wood-bote (BOOT sb.¹ 5 b), -cell (CELL sb.¹ 12), charcoal, -fibre, fire, reek, rick, shide, smoke, slack; in sense 6 d, as wood-shoot; used for storing or conveying wood, as wood barge, boat, box, cart, cellar, hoy, loft, shed, sled. c. objective, etc., (a) in sense 2 or 3, as wood-keeper, -owner; (b) in sense 6, as wood-bearer, -broker, -carrier, -carter, -chapman, -chopper, -cleaver, -eater, -feller, -grower, -seller, -turner, -worshipper; wood-carting, -chopping, -eating, -hewing, -turning sbs. and adjs.; wood-like adj. d. locative, as (sense 2), wood-creeper, -dweller, -rover; wood-born, -bred, -enbosomed adjs. e. instrumental and parasynthetic. (a) in sense 2 or 3, as wood-crowned, -encumbered, -fringed, -girt, -skirted adjs.; (b) in sense 6, as wood-built, -cased, -faced, -hooped, -keyed, -panelled, -paved, -roofed, -sheathed, -walled adjs.; wood-pave vb.

1538.  Elyot, Dict., Ratariæ naues, lyghters, or *woode barges.

1568.  in Marsden, Sel. Pleas Court Admir. (Selden), II. 139. A woodbarge alias the Woolfe of Dorney.

c. 1440.  Promp. Parv., 531/2. *Wodeberare, or caryare of fowayl.

1536–7.  Privy Purse Exp. P’cess Mary (1831), 10. My ladys grace wodberer.

1684.  E. Chamberlayne, Pres. St. Eng., I. (ed. 15), 159. Wood-bearer, one.

1590.  Shaks., Mids. N., IV. i. 145. Begin these *wood birds but to couple now?

1709.  T. Robinson, Vind. Mosaick Syst., 97. The Wood-Birds feed upon the Fruits of Trees.

1839.  Emerson, Poems, Problem, 25. Yon woodbird’s nest Of leaves, and feathers.

1458.  in 10th Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm., App. V. 299. Maistres of *wodbotes.

1691.  Andros Tracts, I. 142. Shallops and Wood-boats.

1883.  ‘Mark Twain,’ Life on Mississippi, xvi. 166. Those boats never halt a moment … except … to hitch thirty-cord wood-boats alongside.

1590.  Spenser, F. Q., I. vi. 16. The *wood-borne people … worship her as Goddesse of the wood.

1746.  Francis, trans. Hor., Art P., 347. The Wood-born Satyr.

1882.  J. F. S. Gordon, Hist. Moray, III. 87. A forest, in which the burgesses had the privilege of *wood-bote granted to them.

1893.  Outing (U.S.), XXII. 135/1. I looked for a place to rest, but there was nothing but a large *wood-box, with an old hemp sack to lie on.

c. 1586.  C’tess Pembroke, Ps. LXXX. iv. The *woodbred swine.

1597.  in Feuillerat, Revels Q. Eliz. (1908), 417. Thomas Jhones *woodbroker.

1861.  Thackeray, Four Georges, i. A very humble *wood-built place.

c. 1586.  C’tess Pembroke, Ps. CIV. ix. *Wood-burgesses … Lions I meane.

1541.  Old Ways (1892), 71. He see a *wod-carier come.

c. 1330.  Durham Acc. Rolls (Surtees), 518. In 6. Coleris pro equis del *Wodecartes. Ibid. (1377–8), 586.

1898.  B. Torrey, in Atlantic Monthly, April, 462/1. The *wood-carter answering them one by one in a neighborly, unhurried spirit.

1890.  ‘R. Boldrewood,’ Miner’s Right (1899), 58. Amos Burton … at present does *wood carting.

1907.  Install. News, Dec., 21/1. The board … is a D.P. Fuse and S.P. Switch *wood-cased type.

1861.  Bentley, Man. Bot., 13. In the *wood-cells of some trees we find their walls present … large circular dots or discs which encircle them.

1875.  Bennett & Dyer, trans. Sachs’ Bot., 98. To the Vascular forms belong the ducts and the vascular wood-cells or Tracheïdes.

1833.  Loudon, Encycl. Cottage Archit., § 712. The coal and *wood cellar.

a. 1722.  Lisle, Husb. (1757), 368. The *wood-chapmen did not care to have their wood faggotted so early.

1857.  Miller, Elem. Chem., Org. (1862), xiv. § 2. 892. The specific heat of *wood charcoal.

1841.  Emerson, Lect., Man the Reformer, Wks. (Bohn), II. 239. My *wood-chopper, my ploughman,… have some sort of self-sufficiency.

1897.  Henty, On the Irrawaddy, 163. The sound of *wood-chopping announced that the Burmese did not intend to attack.

1642.  H. More, Song of Soul, I. II. lx. There the *wood-queristers sat on a row.

1589.  R. Harvey, Pl. Perc. (1590), 1. The medling Ape, that like a tall *wood cleauer, assaying to rend a … billet in two peeces, did wedge in his pettitoes.

1657.  Trapp, Comm. Ps. cxli. 7. 918. As wood-cleavers make the shivers flye hither and thither.

1523–34.  Fitzherb., Husb., § 124. Gette thy quyckesettes in the *woode-countreye.

1570.  Foxe, A. & M. (ed. 2), 188/1. A certayne wood countrey in Somersetshire, called Etheling.

c. 1580.  Bugbears, III. iii. 50. Som are called folletti, foraboscki, forasiepi, that ys *wood-crepers, hedg crepers, & the whyte & red fearye.

1727–46.  Thomson, Summer, 559. The *wood-crowned hill.

1820.  W. Irving, Sk. Bk., Spectre Bridegroom (1821), I. 297. Some talked of mountain sprites, of *wood-demons.

1591.  Exch. Rolls Scot., XXII. 135. For uphalding of the *woddikis of Falkland.

1870.  Morris, Earthly Par., III. IV. 404. The abode of some stout *wood-dweller.

1693.  S. Dale, Pharmacol., 539. Teredo … The *Wood-Eater.

1844.  H. W. Bates, in Zoologist, II. 410. It is hard to attribute carnivorous propensities to so harmless a wood-eater as Hylobius.

1854.  A. Adams, etc., Man. Nat. Hist., 202. *Wood-eating Snout-Beetles.

c. 1325.  *wode-hevese [see EAVES 1 b].

a. 1400[?].  Morte Arth., 3376. Cho wente to the welle by þe wode euis.

a. 1375.  Joseph Arim., 475. He seiȝ vnder a *wode-egge … Fyue hondred men of Armes.

1888.  Stevenson, Black Arrow, 8. There was a stout fellow yonder in the wood-edge.

1805.  Scott, Last Minstrel, IV. ix. High over Borthwick’s mountain-flood His *wood-embosom’d mansion stood.

1817.  Lady Morgan, France (1818), II. 300. The Château … so lonely, so wood-embosomed.

1808.  Scott, Marm., III. ix. Kentucky’s *wood-encumber’d brake.

1583.  Reg. Privy Council Scot., Ser. I. III. 592. Hir duelling houss in the *Wodend callit Daveschaw.

c. 1640.  J. Smyth, Lives Berkeleys (1883), I. 331. Lands in Wixstowe at the woodend of Hill.

1840.  Civil Eng. & Arch. Jrnl., III. 402/1. The improved metallic wheel with *wood-faced tyre.

14[?].  Nom., in Wr.-Wülcker, 697/17. Hic frondator, a *wodfeller.

1569.  Blague, Sch. Conceytes, 54. As a Woodfeller was cuttyng wood neere a riuer side, he lost his axe.

1786.  trans. Beckford’s Vathek (1868), 90. The wood-fellers who directed their route.

1875.  Bennett & Dyer, trans. Sachs’ Bot., 100. Whether *wood-fibres occur in Cryptogams is at least doubtful.

1493.  Festivall (W. de W.), 131 b. A *wode fyre, for peple to syt & wake therby.

1794.  Mrs. Radcliffe, Myst. Udolpho, xlii[i]. The dying embers of a wood fire still glimmered on the hearth.

1823.  J. Badcock, Dom. Amusem., 185. Bugs never infest houses … in which wood-fires only are used.

1867.  Morris, Jason, I. 262. All about The *wood-folk gathered.

1398.  Trevisa, Barth. De P. R., XII. i. (Bodl. MS.). *Wood foules … dwelleþ in woodes and in þikke coppes of treen.

1787.  Burns, ‘Admiring Nature in her wildest grace,’ 13. The lawns *wood-fring’d in Nature’s native taste.

1828.  G. W. Bridges, Ann. Jamaica, II. xv. 227. Surprised to find their *wood-girt town surrounded by an armed force.

1590.  Spenser, F. Q., I. vi. 9. The wyld *woodgods.

1610.  Fletcher, Faithf. Sheph., I. i. No Goblin, Wood-god, Fairy, Elfe, or Fiend.

1820.  Keats, Lamia, I. 34. Full of painful jealousies Of the Wood-Gods, and even the very trees.

c. 1843.  Carlyle, Hist. Sketches (1898), 270. The *wood-goddess with her nymphs.

1581.  Cov. Leet Bk., 824. & so followe the broke into another *woodground.

1611.  Cotgr., Laie, Wood-ground, by measure, or quantitie of Arpens.

1835.  Ure, Philos. Manuf., 258. [He] has to pay … more for his timber, to protect the *wood-grower.

1851.  Mayne Reid, Scalp Hunters, vi. 48. The water-drawing, *wood-hewing pueblos.

1891.  T. Hardy, Tess, xxvii. The *wood-hooped pails … hung … ready … for the evening milking.

1537.  *Wood hoy [see WEND v. 6 c].

1483.  Cath. Angl., 423/1. A *Wodde keper, lucarius.

1519.  Pres. Juries, in Surtees Misc. (1890), 32. That noo wode kyeper take no swyn into the woddys for akecornes.

1868.  ‘Holme Lee,’ B. Godfrey, xvii. 95. He is woodkeeper to Squire Gisborne.

1874.  Thearle, Naval Archit., 27. The pieces of which it is composed are connected by *wood-keyed hook scarphs.

1845.  Browning, Flight of Duchess, xvii. 78. Like Orson the *wood-knight.

1548.  Thomas, Ital. Dict. (1550), Seluaggio, wilde, or *wooddelike.

1713.  Phil. Trans., XXVIII. 224. A sort of sullen greenish Wood-like rust.

1785.  Cowper, Lett. to Newton, 19 March. We … have … more than two waggon loads of them in our *wood-loft.

1796.  T. Townshend, Poems, 104. For many a long and languid day Upon the *wood-moss laid.

a. 1586.  Sidney, Arcadia, III. (1922), II. 74. The Nightingale *woodmusiques King.

1757.  Refl. Importation Bar-Iron, 17. The *Wood-Owner … divides his Wood into a Number of Cuts.

1832.  Gentl. Mag., CII. I. 578/2. A chapel, the *wood panneled ceiling of which still remains, is now used as a farm-house.

1827–35.  N. P. Willis, Idleness, 60. *Woodpath or stream, or slope by hill or vale.

1856.  Vaughan, Mystics (1860), I. 139. These *wood-pathways … led up a steep hill.

1842.  Civil Eng. & Arch. Jrnl., V. 281/1. It is recommended, therefore, to *wood-pave all the turnpike roads, when the superior economy and speed of the steam carriage over horse power will, it is expected, be brought to bear.

1887.  Pall Mall Gaz., 14 Nov., 2/1. For the moment *wood-paved part of the Space is somewhat thinned.

Beowulf, 3144. *Wudu-rec astah.

[1895.  W. Morris, Beowulf, 109. The wood-reek went up.]

1898.  C. J. Cutcliffe Hyne, in Pall Mall Mag., May, 87. To windward fires had been built that the blue wood-reek might chase away the flies.

1869.  Blackmore, Lorna D., x. The bark from the *wood-ricks [being] washed down the gutters.

1827.  Clare, Sheph. Cal., 9. Beside the *woodride’s lonely gate.

969.  Lease, in Birch, Cartul. Sax., III. 528. Of swepelan streame west be *wudu riman.

c. 1205.  Lay., 739. I þon wode rime.

1837.  J. Thompson, in Civil Eng. & Arch. Jrnl., I. 24/2. The *wood-roofed house was 50 feet long, 14 feet wide, and 14 feet high, without any pit.

c. 1205.  Lay., 467. Leouere heom his to libben bi þan *wode-roten.

1825.  Hazlitt, Spirit of Age, i. Wks. 1902, IV. 198. Wreaths of snow under which the wild *wood-rovers bury themselves … in winter.

1817.  Lady Morgan, France (1818), II. 309. Our celebrated landscape-painter, Robert,… assisted me in laying out the grounds, and disposing of my *wood scenery.

1479.  in Engl. Gilds (1870), 425. Prouydid … that the *woddesillers leve not the bak … bare of wodde.

1554.  in Wadley, Notes Wills Bristol (1886), 189. Wodseller and Citesin of the Citie of Bristowe.

1755.  Johnson, Woodmonger, a woodseller.

1828.  Mrs. Hemans, Peasant Girl Rhone, 16. Sad and slow, Through the *wood-shadows, moved the knightly train.

1691.  T. H[ale], Acc. New Invent., 9. *Wood-sheathed Ships.

1844.  Louisa S. Costello, Bearn & Pyrenees, I. 282. We were glad to take shelter in a *wood-shed.

c. 1440.  Promp. Parv., 531/2. *Wodeschyde…, teda.

1577.  in J. R. Boyle, Hedon (1875), 65. For nailes and wodshiddes and two skottells vjd.

1842.  J. Aiton, Dom. Econ. (1857), 299. Take the *wood-shoots close by their roots, so that the bark may grow over the wound.

1822.  Home, Fatal Discov., III. On the *wood-skirted lawn.

1858.  O. W. Holmes, Aut. Breakf.-t., ix. (1891), 211. The creaking of the *wood-sleds, bringing their loads of oak and walnut.

1847.  Mrs. Gore, Castles in Air, vii. (1857), 48. Smelling of fresh straw in summer, and *wood-smoke in winter.

1601.  Death of Robt. Earl of Huntington, D 2. Fall to your *wod-songs therefore, yeomen bold.

1834.  Mrs. Hemans, Poems, Happy Hour, 7. The sweet wood-song’s penetrating flow.

1538.  Elyot, Dict., Lignile, fuell, or a *wodde stacke.

1707.  Mortimer, Husb., 379. The size of Faggots and Wood Stacks … differs in most Countries.

1903.  ‘Q’ (Quiller-Couch), Hetty Wesley, II. v. 155. Hetty had found a patch of ragged turf and mallow where the woodstack hid her from the parsonage windows.

c. 1820.  Mrs. Hemans, Tale 14th C., 322. The *wood-stream’s plaintive harmony.

a. 1583.  Montgomerie, Flyting, 737. *Woodtyk, hoodpyk, ay like to liue in lacke!

1794.  Mrs. Radcliffe, Myst. Udolpho, xxxi[i]. The passing gleam fell on the *wood-tops below.

1839.  in Inquiry, Yorksh. Deaf & Dumb (1870), 22. William … Sedgwick, *woodturner.

1901.  Scotsman, 5 April, 7/2. *Wood-turning tools.

1791.  Charlotte Smith, Celestina (ed. 2), I. 228. Birds, who found food and shelter amid the shrubberies and *wood-walks.

1595.  Markham, Trag. Sir R. Grinuile (Arb.), 46. The *wood-walled Cittizens at sea.

c. 1325.  in Kennett, Par. Antiq. (1818), I. 556. Duæ acræ … juxta le *wode wey.

1906.  S. W. Mitchell, Pearl, 19. The beauty of those wood-ways green.

1850.  Household Words, I. 29/1. Round the feet of the young man lay intertangled bunches and bundles of *wood-weeds, river-weeds, and other weeds that seemed to partake equally of the river and the sea.

a. 1887.  Jefferies, Field & Hedgerow (1899), 331.

1579.  Fulke, Conf. Sanders, 587. To proue them *woode worshippers and idolaters.

  f.  In ME. poetry, in combs. wood bough, lay (LEA sb.¹) = ? glade or grove, lind (= tree), rise (RICE¹, small branch), esp. in phr. under wood bough, etc. = in the woods, in the leafy shade: sometimes with allusion to secret love-making.

  Cf. J. Hall’s ed. of King Horn, 1227, note.

a. 1225.  Ancr. R., 96. Euer is þe eie to þe wude leie [v.r. wodeleȝe], þerinne is þet ich luuie.

a. 1290.  S. Eustace, 20, in Horstm., Altengl. Leg. (1881), 212. Þe hert wes muchel … þer he wes ounder wode linde. Ibid., 32. Þere he wes ounder wode leye. Ibid., 76. [He] wes ounder wode-bowe.

13[?].  K. Horn, 1160 (Harl.). Ȝef þou horn euer seȝe vnder wode leȝe.

c. 1320.  Sir Tristr., 2485. Vnder wode bouȝ Þai knewen day and niȝt.

c. 1330.  R. Brunne, Chron. Wace (Rolls), 4734. Wylde walkande by wode lyndes.

1387–8.  T. Usk, Test. Love, III. vii. (Skeat), l. 53. Beware of thy lyfe, that thou no wodelay use, as in asking of thinges that strecchen in-to shame!

c. 1400.  Gamelyn, 633. Adam loked tho vndir wode bough. Ibid., 676. As men that ben … hard be-stad vnder wode lynde.

c. 1470.  Golagros & Gaw., 1344. Rachis can ryn vndir the wod rise.

  g.  attrib. uses and comb. of pl. (sense 2). U.S.

1847.  F. Douglass, Life, 59. I stopped my oxen to open the woods gate.

1868.  Rep. U.S. Comm. Agric. (1869), 391. Any land … may be improved by the addition of vegetable matter, such as woods litter.

1880.  S. Lanier, Hymns of Marshes, Sunrise, 47. The woods-smell.

1902.  S. E. White, Blazed Trail, v. Bands of woods-creatures. Ibid. (1904), Forest, xiv. He was … comparatively inexperienced in woods-walking. Ibid. A good woods-walker progresses without apparent hurry. Ibid. (1908), Riverman, vii. Still lingering at the woods camps … five hundred woods-weary men.

  10.  Special Combs.: wood-acid = wood-vinegar; wood-agate, agatized wood (Cent. Dict.); wood-alcohol = WOOD-SPIRIT 2; wood-axe, an axe for hewing wood or felling trees; wood-block, a block of wood, esp. one on which a design is cut for printing from (cf. wood-engraving, WOODCUT); wood-block v., to pave with wood-blocks; † wood-bone [BOON sb.¹ 6], ? a boon-day for wood-cutting; wood-borer, something that bores wood; esp. any one of certain insects and other invertebrates that make perforations in wood; so wood-boring a.; wood-bound a., (a) bound or fastened with wood; (b) of land, encumbered with woody hedges or trees; (c) enclosed by woodland; (d) see quot. 1892; wood-branch, a branch of a fruit tree kept primarily for growth of wood (6 d); wood brick, a block of wood cut to the size and shape of a brick, inserted in the interior walls of a building as a hold for joinery (Gwilt); wood-bud, a bud forming the rudiment of a wood-branch; † wood-bush¹ [BUSS sb.¹], a vessel for conveying wood, a wood-barge; wood-bush² [BUSH sb.¹ 9], name of a wooded region in S. Africa; wood-butcher U.S. slang, an inexperienced carpenter; wood-carpet, (a) a floor-carpet made of thin pieces of wood arranged in patterns (Knight, Dict. Mech., 1875); (b) the geometer moth Melanippe rivata (E. Newman, 1869); † wood-carriage, a tenurial obligation to carry wood; wood-carving, the ornamental carving of wooden utensils, furniture, etc.; concr. a piece of such carving; hence wood-carved a., -carver; † wood-cast [CAST sb. 13], a pile or stack of wood; wood-colo(u)r, the color of wood; a pigment of such a color; wood-copper, a wood-brown fibrous variety of olivenite; wood-corn, ‘some quantity of Oats or other Grain, paid by Customary Tenants to the Lord, for liberty to pick up dead or broken Wood’ (Cowel’s Interpr., 1701); wood-draughtsman, one who draws for wood-engraving; so wood-drawing; wood-dried a., dried by the heat of burning wood; wood-drink, a decoction of some medicinal wood (cf. 6 g); wood-engraver, (a) one who engraves on wood, an artist who does wood-engraving; (b) a name for various species of N. American wood-boring beetles, esp. Xyleborus cælatus; wood-engraving, the process or art of engraving on wood or of making wood-cuts; concr. a design so cut upon a wood-block or obtained by impression from it, a woodcut; woodfall, a felling of trees for their wood, a cutting of timber; wood-farm, (a) a farm on which trees are grown for timber; † (b) an office in the Port of London, which dealt with the delivery of wood and other goods discharged; wood-farmer (see quot.); wood-flour, (a) a substance obtained by grinding wood containing starchy matter, proposed as a substitute for flour; (b) a very fine sawdust obtained from pine-wood, used as an absorbent surgical dressing; † wood-fold, a wood-yard; wood-forester Sc., one who has charge of woods; † wood-free a. [cf. FREE a. 27 b], entitled to take wood gratis; wood-fretter (cf. wood-borer); wood-fungus, a fungus that infests wood; † wood-garth = WOOD-YARD; wood-gas, gas for illumination obtained from wood; † wood-geld [GELD sb.], money paid for the privilege of cutting or gathering wood in a forest; also (according to 17th-c. legal writers), the privilege of immunity from such payment; wood-gum = XYLAN; † wood-hag [HAG sb.³], the right to cut wood; † wood-hagger, a wood-cutter, wood-hewer; wood-hanging, ‘thin veneer on a paper backing, to be used as wall-paper’ (Knight, Dict. Mech., 1875); wood-hewer, (a) one who hews wood, a wood-cutter; (b) a bird of the family Dendrocolaptidæ, a South American tree-creeper; † wood-hire, payment or outrent for wood; wood-hole, a hole or recess in which wood is stored for fuel (cf. coal-hole); † wood-honey [OE. wuduhuniʓ = L. mel silvestre, Gr. μέλι ἄγριον], wild honey; wood-hook, a hook for cutting off pieces of wood from trees; wood-horse U.S., (a) a sawing-horse; (b) the walking-stick insect (Cent. Dict.); wood-hung a., bordered with hanging woods; † wood-iron, ? iron smelted by means of wood; † wood-leave (Sc. -leif, -lief, -leive), leave or permission to cut or procure wood; transf. a duty charged for this; wood-lock Naut., a piece of hard wood sheathed with copper, fitted closely beneath the pintle of a rudder to prevent the latter from rising; hence wood-locked a., secured by a wood-lock; † wood-lode, the carriage or conveyance of wood; the right or privilege of carrying wood; wood-lot U.S. [LOT sb. 6 a], a plot of land containing or consisting of woodland; wood-maid, -maiden, a mythical female being dwelling in or haunting woods; † wood-maker = WOODMAN 2; wood-master, now Hist. the master or overseer of a wood; wood-meal, (a) a kind of flour, resembling sawdust in appearance, prepared from the root of the manioc or cassava-plant; (b) the powdered wood produced by the wood-worm; wood-money (see quot.); wood-mote, now Hist., a court for determining cases in forest law, later called court of attachments (ATTACHMENT 3); wood-mould, mould consisting of decayed wood; wood naphtha = WOOD-SPIRIT 2; wood-note, a natural untrained musical note or song like that of a wild bird in a wood (in later quots. echoing Milton); wood offering, an offering of wood to be burnt in sacrifice; wood-opal [G. holzopal], opal formed by petrifaction of wood, opalized or silicified wood; wood-paper, paper made from wood-pulp; wood-peat, peat formed from decayed wood (Cent. Dict.); † wood-penny, (a) ? = wood-silver; cf. woodland penny; (b) Paul’s betony, Veronica officinalis; wood-piercer, -piercing a. = wood-borer, -boring; wood-pile, a pile or stack of wood, esp. for fuel; wood-plant, (a) a plant with woody stem and branches; (b) a plant that grows in woods, a woodland plant; † wood-plea court, ? = wood-mote; † wood-pleck [PLECK], ? an enclosure in which wood is stored; wood post, a station where wood is procured; wood powder, (a) powder made by disintegration of wood, as sawdust; (b) a kind of gunpowder made from light porous wood; wood-print, a print from an engraved wood-block, a woodcut; wood-pulp, a pulp made by mechanical or chemical disintegration of wood-fiber, and used for making paper; also attrib.; wood-ranger U.S., one who ranges woods; a scout or sharpshooter in American armies (cf. RANGER¹ 3); † wood-rent ? = wood-silver; wood-rock, a compact variety of asbestos resembling dry wood, also called mountain wood (Cent. Dict.); wood-saw, a saw for cutting wood, as a buck-saw (Knight, 1875); wood-sawyer, (a) a man employed in sawing wood; (b) the larva of a wood-boring beetle or other insect, which cuts off twigs, etc. (Cent. Dict.); † wood-scathe [SCATHE sb. 1], a fiend or monster of the wood; wood-screw, a metallic screw specially adapted for fastening together parts of woodwork or wood and metal; wood-service, service as a wood-ranger; † wood-silver, ? a payment made in lieu of a supply of wood; cf. woodland silver; wood-skin, a light canoe made of bark, used by native tribes in Guiana; wood-soot, the soot of burnt wood, formerly recognized in the British Pharmacopœia as fuligo ligni, and used in dyeing; † wood-speech [SPEECH sb.¹ 10 b], a kind of wood-mote; wood-still, a still for distilling tar or turpentine from pine-wood (Knight, Dict. Mech., 1875); wood-stone, petrified wood, esp. a form of quartz consisting of silicified wood; wood-stove, a stove adapted for burning wood (Knight, 1875); wood-sugar = XYLOSE (Cent. Dict. Suppl.); † wood-tale, a quantity of wood supplied as a due; wood-tar, a bituminous liquid obtained in the destructive distillation of pines and other trees; wood-tin [G. holzzinn], a variety of cassiterite or tin-stone of brownish color and fibrous structure, resembling dry wood; wood-vessel, (a) a vessel carrying a cargo of wood; (b) Bot. a sap-conducting vessel in the woody tissue of a plant; wood-vinegar, vinegar or crude acetic acid obtained by distillation of wood, also called pyroligneous acid; † wood-waste (meaning unknown); wood-wharf, a wharf at which cargoes of wood are landed or shipped; so wood-wharfing; † wood-whistle, ? the bishop’s weed, Ammi majus; wood-wind, the wooden wind-instruments in an orchestra collectively (cf. 7 e above, and WIND sb.¹ 12 b); wood-wool, † (a) cotton; (b) fine shavings of wood, usually pine-wood, used as a surgical dressing and for various other purposes; woodwright, a worker in wood, as a carpenter.

1858.  Simmonds, Dict. Trade, *Wood-acid, an inferior pyroligneous acid, distilled from oak, beech, ash, &c.

1861.  *Wood alcohol [see PYROLIGNEOUS].

c. 1356.  Durham Acc. Rolls, 557. In factura unius *Wodeax.

1535.  Stewart, Cron. Scot., II. 454. With ane wod-ax thair tha straik of his heid.

1625.  Reg. Mag. Sig. Scot., 300/2. Lie schaft of the wode aix.

1900.  R. W. Chambers, Cardigan, xxix. I … unslung my wood-axe. He drew his hatchet.

1837.  Hebert, Engin. & Mech. Encycl., II. 825. Two specimens of *wood-blocks, cut by Mr. Wightman.

1877.  H. Law & D. K. Clark, Constr. Roads, 17. Following the experience of stone-set paving, the wood blocks of narrower dimensions answered better.

1883.  Builder, 24 Nov., 704/2. The prejudice against the use of good elm for purposes such as wood-block floors.

1908.  Westm. Gaz., 13 Aug., 4/2. The road leading from Shepherd’s Bush to Uxbridge,… the major part of which was *wood-blocked by the United Tramways Company.

1524.  Compotus of monastic property in Cottingham, Northants (MS.). Vnu’ *Wodbone in autumpno, vnam Gallinam ad Natale D’ni, et decem oua ad Pascha.

1850.  A. White, List Crustacea B. Mus. 56. Chelura terebrans. Sea *Wood-Borer.

1815.  Kirby & Sp., Entomol., viii. (1818), I. 240. The little *wood-boring beetles … (Anobium pertinax and striatum) also attack books.

1875.  Knight, Dict. Mech., 2275/1. Spiral Bit, a wood boring tool … made of a twisted bar of metal.

1570.  Richmond Wills (Surtees), 229. Two paire of *wood boune wheills.

1710.  Hilman, Tusser Rediv., March (1744), 35. Where it fronts the Sea, pois’nous Marshes, Wood-bound, over-shelter’d by Woods, and the like.

1796.  Marshall, Planting, I. 56. High Hedges, and low Pollards, are the bane of corn fields … in Norfolk, lands thus encumbered are … said to be wood-bound.

1875.  T. Hardy, Hand of Ethelberta, xv. Ethelberta and Christopher stood within the wood-bound circle alone.

1892.  Labour Commission, Gloss., Wood-bound Trade, in the coopering industry making packing casks in which to put bottles for export from breweries.

1706.  London & Wise, Retir’d Gard’ner, I. II. iii. 111. The *Wood-Branches are those that form the Shape of the Tree.

1842.  *Wood Bricks [see NOG sb.¹].

1763.  Mills, Syst. Pract. Husb., IV. 249. Care should … be taken to cut them a little sloping behind a *wood bud, which may be easily distinguished from the blossom buds.

1840.  Penny Cycl., XVII. 346/1. The flower-buds are plump and roundish; the wood-buds are more oblong and pointed.

1587.  K. R. Mem. Roll 392, Mich. v. 3. Navis Angl’ voc’ *woodbushe.

1896.  Westm. Gaz., 14 Sept., 2/3. Majajie, the mystical Queen of the *Wood-bush tribes.

1903.  J. Buchan, Afr. Colony, 114. A delight in the Wood Bush is apt to spoil a man for other scenery.

1890.  in Barrère & Leland, Dict. Slang, s.v., Counting carpenters and *wood-butchers together, it is estimated that about 20,000 men make their living in London as carpenters and joiners.

1557.  Acts Privy Counc. Irel. (Hist. MSS. Comm.), 39. The freholders … hathe been accustomed … to pay … certain *woodd cariages and other duties.

1885.  Halliwell, Life Shaks. (ed. 5), 521. The elegant *wood-carved roof.

1859.  W. S. Coleman, Woodlands (1862), 62. The wood [of the alder] … is a favourite material for many purposes of the turner and the *wood-carver.

1847.  Ld. Lindsay, Chr. Art, I. p. ccix. Artists in *wood-carving.

1862.  Catal. Internat. Exhib., Brit., II. No. 5723. Book-case, wood-carvings, stone-sculpture.

1483.  Cath. Angl., 423/1. A *Wodde caste, strues.

1612.  N. Riding Rec. (1884), I. 259. Chr. Wright … [presented] for building his wood-cast and laying his tymber in the Kinges street whereby the people … cannot conveniently passe.

1622.  Peacham, Compl. Gent., xii. 116. Your *Wood colours are compounded either of Vmber and White, Char-coale and White [etc.].

1884.  Bower & Scott, De Bary’s Phaner., 507. The sap-wood … has a light whitish or yellowish wood-colour.

1823.  W. Phillips, Introd. Min. (ed. 3), 320. Hæmatitic Arseniate. *Wood Copper.

1235–53.  Rentalia Glaston. (Somerset Rec. Soc.), 76. Facit easdem consuetudines sicut Robertus de Stodlegh’ preter *Wdecorn unum ferdellum.

1894.  Herkomer, in Daily News, 28 April, 6/7. Nearly all the *wood-draughtsmen of my time have become painters of eminence. Ibid. He watches over the welfare of the artists now as much as he did in my *wood-drawings days.

1577.  Harrison, England, III. i. 96/1. The *woode dryed mault … doth … annoye the heade of him that is not vsed thereto because of the smoke.

1591.  R. Hitchcock, in Arb., Garner, II. 216. Wood-dried malt will make unsavoury drink.

1611.  Florio, Pigliare il legno, to take the *wood or dyet drinke for the pox.

1696.  Floyer, Anim. Humours, 190. Drinking Wine, and two parts of Water, or Wood-Drinks.

1816.  W. Y. Ottley, Hist. Engraving, I. 97. It appears that the old German *wood engravers manufactured prodigious quantities of these religious cuts. Ibid., 31. The professors of *wood engraving. Ibid., 32. Another large wood engraving, representing the Madonna.

1588.  Walsingham, in Collect. (O.H.S.), I. 230. Yearely *woodfals in Middlesex.

1619.  T. Clay, Chorol. Disc., 25. To see that the Woodfalls be made at seasonable times.

1767.  A. Young, Farmer’s Lett. to People (1771), I. iii. 153, note. *Wood-farms … not being very common.

1812.  J. Smyth, Pract. Customs (1821), 388. The business of the Woodfarm or River Office in the Port of London.

1831.  Loudon, Encycl. Agric. (ed. 2), 1123. *Wood-farmers, such as rent woodlands, to be periodically cut for fuel [etc.].

1845.  G. Dodd, Brit. Manuf., Ser. V. 18. The wood is next dried…, and is afterwards ground repeatedly, till it assumes the form of a rough flour. The *wood-flour is then formed into small flat cakes by the addition of water.

1885.  Buck’s Handbk. Med. Sci., I. 265/2. Wood-wool and wood-flour, the latter the finest, are made from pine wood.

1570.  Levins, Manip., 219/20. A *Wodfould, lignarium.

1865.  Q. Victoria, More Leaves (1884), 32. The Duke’s head *wood-forester.

1899.  Crockett, Kit Kennedy, 175. Kit’s uncle Rob, the wood forester.

1554.  Charters rel. Glasgow (1906), II. 513. Archinbalde salbe *wod fre and querell fre to the bigging … of the saidis mylne and hir dame.

1611.  Cotgr., Tavelliere, the little worme called a *Wood-fretter.

1876.  Preece, Telegraphy, 161. Dry-rot … is due to a species of *wood-fungus—the Merulius lachrymans—which destroys the tensile and cohesive power of the wood, and gradually reduces it to … a fine powder.

1343.  Durham Acc. Rolls (Surtees), 39. Lapides pro paviamento del *Wodegarthe.

1570.  Levins, Manip., 34/5. Y^e Wodgarth, lig[n]arium.

c. 1865.  Letheby, in Circ. Sci., I. 125/2. The … city of Heilbronn has recently been lighted up with *wood-gas.

1220.  in Spelman, Gloss. Archæol. (1664), 260. Et sint quieti … de omnibus geldis, & danegeldis, & *vodegeldis.

1334.  in N. Riding Record Soc., N.S. III. 108. Quod ipse et homines sui sint quieti de omnibus geldis … Et de wodegeldis.

1594.  Crompton, Jurisd., 197. Woodgeld, is properly to be discharged of gathering within the forest, for the behoofe of the foresters, and other ministers there.

1628.  Coke, On Litt., 233. Pudzeld [i.e., pudʓeld] or Woodgeld is to be free from payment of money for taking of Wood in any Forest.

1894.  Muir & Morley, Watts’ Dict. Chem., IV. 868/1. Tree gum. *Wood gum.

1569.  in Reg. Mag. Sig. Scot., 1580, 810. Cum … lapicidiis, silvis, nemoribus cum lie *wode hage.

1569.  Charters Crosraguel Abbey (1886), I. 195. Cum earundem silvis et nemoribus cum lie Wodhag.

1295.  Acc. Exch. K.R., 5/8 m. 2 (P.R.O.). In stipendiis Walteri Le *Wodhagger pro meremio prosternendo in bosco de Stagholme.

1624.  Capt. J. Smith, Virginia, III. vii. 69. Let no man thinke that … these gentlemen spent their times as common wood-haggers at felling of trees.

1868.  Rep. U.S. Comm. Agric. (1869), 15. The American *wood-hanging … has been applied for the finish of the suite of rooms.

c. 1000.  Ælfric, Deut. xxix. 11. Butan *wuduheawerum & ðam ðe wæter berað.

1300.  Rolls of Parlt., I. 255/1. Roberto le Wodehyewere.

1483.  Cath. Angl., 423/1. A Wodde hewer, lignarius.

1867.  Sclater & Salvin, Exotic Ornith. (1869), 71. Xiphocolaptes major. (Rusty Wood-hewer).

1361.  in Blount, Fragm. Antiq. (1815), 368. Pro *wodehyre ob’.

1438–9.  Durham Acc. Rolls (Surtees), 74. Pro Wodhire apud Aldyngrige, Brome, et Rylley, hoc anno, iiijd. Ibid. (1511–2), (MS.). Pro Wodhire in Aldyngryge et Rylley, iij d. ob.

1668.  Etheredge, She Wou’d if she Cou’d, I. i. Creep into the *Wood-hole here.

1703.  J. Philips, Splendid Shilling, 44 (1719), 5.

c. 950.  Lindisf. Gosp., Mark i. 6. Mel siluestrae, *wudu huniʓ.

1398.  Trevisa, Barth. De P. R., XVII. lxiii. (1495), P vj/2. Been haunte the floures [of beech] and gadre wode hony in holowe trees.

c. 1450.  Mirk’s Festial, 184/30. Saynt Ion ete leues, brod and rownd and whyt,… and when þay byn frotude … thay byn swete as hony … and byn callyd wod-hony.

c. 1440.  Promp. Parv., 531/2. *Wodehoke, or wedehoke, sarculus.

1598.  Barret, Theor. Warres, V. iii. 134. 1500 wood hookes, and tooles to make faggots.

1847.  F. Douglass, Life, 116. Mr. Johnson kindly let me have his *wood-horse and saw, and I very soon found myself a plenty of work.

1745.  Warton, Pleas. Melanch., 315. *Wood-hung Menai, stream of druids old.

1536–7.  Durham Acc. Rolls (Surtees), 694. Et in 4^xx petr. ferri de stauro dni Prioris pro le *Wodyron ad 4d., 26s. 8d.

1503.  Acc. Ld. High Treas. Scot., II. 283. Payit be the said Robert for *wod leif in France, xviij frankis.

1610.  in Rec. Convent. Burghs Scot. (1870), II. 300. Dewteis for grundlieve and woodlieve.

1805.  [D. Steel], Shipwright’s Vade-M., 142. *Wood-lock. A piece of elm or oak, closely fitted, and sheathed with copper, in the throating or score of the pintle, near the load-water line.

1867.  Smyth, Sailor’s Word-bk., 529. The pintles are hooks which enter the braces, and the rudder is then *wood-locked.

1263.  Cal. Inquis. p. M. Hen. III (1904), 563. 15 s. 4 d. *wodelode.

1377.  in Somerset & Dorset N. & Q. (1911), Dec., 342. Johannes Purdy tenet unam virgatam … reddet per annum vijs. vjd. pro Wodelode iiijd.

1742.  in W. M. Sargent, Maine Wills (1887), 473. A third part of a *Wood Lott for Cutting of y^e wood or for feeding.

1866.  Lowell, Among my Bks., Lessing (1870), 304. He would soon be driven to the cutting of green stuff from his own wood-lot, more rich in smoke than fire.

1616.  MS. Acc. St. John’s Hosp., Canterb. For bread and drink to the teners and *wood makers.

15[?].  in Blount, Anc. Tenures (1679), 168. The *Woodmaster and Kepers of Needwoode shale every yere mete at … Birkeley Lodgge … one Seynt Laurence dey; at which dey and place a Woodmoote shal be kept.

1826.  Hor. Smith, Tor Hill, I. 292. A Woodmote having been held on the same day,… the wood-master and his men came to swell the procession.

1760–72.  J. Adams, trans. Juan & Ulloa’s Voy. (ed. 3), II. 324. The common food of the inhabitants … throughout Brazil, is the farina de Pau or *wood-meal, which is universally eaten instead of bread.

1852.  J. J. Seidel, Organ, 121. Pipes … so completely eaten by the wood-worm, that the wind blows out the dust or wood-meal through all the holes.

1892.  Labour Comm., Gloss. s.v. Money, Some yards in the barge-building industry allow the men to take home … small pieces of wood: others allow 2d. per day in lieu of wood; this is termed *wood money.

15[?], 1826.  *Wood-mote [see wood-master].

a. 1610.  Manwood, Lawes Forest, xxii. § 1. (1615), 207. The said Court of attachments then called the Wood-mote Court.

1768.  Blackstone, Comm., III. vi. 71. The court of attachments, wood-mote, or forty days court, is to be held before the verderors of the forest once in every forty days.

1868.  Rep. U.S. Comm. Agric. (1869), 424. A small portion of the field was manured with a compost of night-soil and *wood-mold.

1842.  *wood-naphtha [see WOOD-SPIRIT 2].

1632.  Milton, L’Allegro, 134. If … sweetest Shakespear fancies childe, Warble his native *Wood-notes wilde.

1789.  Burns, Lett. to M‘Auley, 4 June. Mrs. Burns … has a glorious ‘wood-note wild’ at either old song or psalmody.

1887.  S. Colvin, Keats, v. 105. Wild wood-notes of Celtic imagination.

1611.  Bible, Neh. x. 34. We cast the lots among the priests, the Leuites, and the people, for the *wood offering … to burne vpon the altar.

1816.  R. Jameson, Syst. Min., I. 246. *Wood-Opal.

1800.  Koops, Hist. Acc. Inv. Paper, 88. The substance of the *Wood Paper on which these lines are printed.

1261.  Cal. Inquis. p. M. Hen. III (1904), 502. 2 d, *Wudepanies.

1570.  Levins, Manip., 102/29. Wodpenie, betonica Pauli.

1713.  Petiver, Aquat. Anim. Amboinæ, Tab. 19/8. Pholas Lignorum … *Wood Peircer.

1802.  Bingley, Anim. Biog. (1813), III. 279. The *Wood-Piercing Bee.

1552.  Huloet, *Woode pyle, strues.

1696.  Aubrey, Misc., vi. 68. The Cook Maid, going to the Wood-pile to fetch Wood to dress Supper.

1699.  Dampier, Voy., II. I. 107. They built a Town and fenced it round about with a kind of Wood-pile, or Wall of great Timber Trees.

1883.  ‘Mark Twain,’ Life on Mississippi, xxi. 222. The seldomest spectacle on the Mississippi to-day is a wood-pile.

1773.  Holme on Spaldingmoor Incl. Act, 18. Banks, *Wood-Plants, Quicksets, or Fences.

1908.  [Eliz. Fowler], Betw. Trent & Ancholme, 19. Wood-plants flourish about this border.

1672.  Cowel’s Interpr., *Woodplea-Court, is a Court held twice in the year in the Forest of Clun in Con. Salop,… and perhaps was anciently the same with Woodmote-Court.

1521.  Cov. Leet Bk., 668. That no inhabitant … make eny gardeyn or *wodpleck with-in xl^ti fote [of the town wall].

1904.  Christy, in Brit. Med. Jrnl., 17 Sept., 662. Leisha *wood post is on the bank of the river, surrounded by forests.

1870.  in Boorde’s Introd. Knowl., 99. *Wood-powder, Boorde’s remedy for Excoriation.

1881.  Greener, Gun, 322. In combustion wood powder is far more rapid than black.

1816.  W. Y. Ottley, Hist. Engraving, I. 91. The very early *wood-prints of Germany.

1908.  Dublin Rev., July, 216. The book is adorned with charming wood-prints.

1866.  Patents, Abridgm. Specif. Manuf. Paper, II. (1876), 427. Improvements in preparing … *wood pulp for the manufacture of paper.

1757.  [Burke], Europ. Settlem. Amer., VII. xxvii. II. 270. A company of *wood rangers … to scour the country near our settlements.

1896.  T. Roosevelt, in Harper’s Mag., XCII. 712/1. The white wood-rangers were as ruthless as their red foes, sparing neither sex nor age.

1774.  T. West, Antiq. Furness, 109. These [iron forges] were destroyed … at the request of the customary tenants, who charged themselves with paying the rent of 20. l. by a rate which is now called *Woodrent or Bloomsmithy rent.

1844.  Emerson, Lect. New Eng. Reform., Ess. Ser. II. 281. Why should professional labor and that of the counting-house be paid so disproportionately to the labor of the porter, and *woodsawyer?

c. 1275.  Lay., 25859. Wola þat þe *wode-scape haueþ þe þus for-fare.

1733.  Tull, Horse-Hoeing Husb., xxiv. 402. What is meant by *Wood Screws, are taper Screws made with Iron, having very deep Threads, whereby they hold fast when screw’d into Wood.

1868.  Rep. to Govt. U. S. Munitions War, 222. These plates … are attached to the ship’s side by a plentiful supply of wood-screws, screwed into the timber backing.

1757.  R. Rogers, Jrnls. (1769), 52. Volunteers in the regular troops, to be trained to the ranging, or *wood-service.

c. 1245.  in Lysons, Environs Lond. (1796), IV. 131, note. [In this survey two payments are mentioned, called] *wodeselver [and] averselver [a composition for labour].

1355–6.  Abingdon Obedientiars Acc. (Camden), 5. De redditu de wodeseluer x li. iij s.

1510–11.  in Eyton, Antiq. Shropsh. (1856), III. 325.

1825.  Waterton, Wand. S. Amer., I. (1903), 32. There is neither curial nor canoe, nor purple-heart tree in the neighbourhood to make a *wood-skin to carry you over.

166[?].  Sir W. Petty, in Sprat, Hist. Roy. Soc. (1667), 296. In Cloth Dying *wood-soot is of good use.

1728.  Chambers, Cycl., s.v. Dy(e)ing, Wood-soot, containing not only a colour, but a salt, needs nothing to … make it strike on the stuff.

1770.  Cook’s Voy. round World, III. viii. (1773), 632. Of the colour of wood soot, or what is commonly called a chocolate colour.

1222–3.  in Dugdale, Monast. Angl. (1825), V. 268/1. In curiis nostris … shiris, halemotis, et *wodespeches.

1796.  Kirwan, Elem. Min. (ed. 2), I. 315. *Woodstone … is commonly … the substance of petrified wood.

1839.  Ure, Dict. Arts, 647. Hornstone occurs under three modifications; splintery hornstone, conchoidal hornstone, and woodstone.

1235–52.  Rentalia Glaston. (Som. Rec. Soc.), 83. Et debet habere *wdetale contra Natale, scil. unum truncum [etc.].

1857.  Miller, Elem. Chem., Org., iv. § 6. 198. Eupione, which Reichenbach obtained during the rectification of the products from *wood-tar.

1787.  Groschke, trans. Klaproth’s Observ. Fossils Cornw., 13. The most remarkable species of stream-tin is a tin-ore like haematites, or what is called *Wood-tin.

1855.  Leifchild, Cornwall, 201. The famous wood-tin, so called from the woody appearance of some of the pebbles, was formerly found in the Loth stream works in abundance.

1796.  Nelson, 26 July, in Nicolas, Disp. (1845), II. 220. Not a *Wood-Vessel bound to Piombino would go out of the Port.

1883.  McNab, Bot., Morphol. & Physiol., ii. 42. The xylem … consists … of three sets of cells, viz. the wood vessels, the wood prosenchyma, and the wood parenchyma.

1837.  Hebert, Engin. & Mech. Encycl., II. 849. There are four principal kinds: namely, wine vinegar, malt vinegar, sugar vinegar, and *wood vinegar.

1235–52.  Rentalia Glaston. (Som. Rec. Soc.), 135. Et debet cariare bladum cum careta sua þer j diem et debet auxiliari ad *wddewaste.

1279.  Liber Cust. (Rolls), 150. Qil Serra lie au pilier qi estet en Tamise a *Wodehwarfe.

1594.  Norden, Spec. Brit., Essex (Camden), 10. Places wher they take in wood,… w^ch places are called vpon the Thames, westward, haws or woodwharfes.

a. 1700.  Evelyn, Diary, 5 Sept. 1666. The coale and wood wharfes.

1902.  Cornish, Naturalist Thames, 212. A tug was taking a couple of deal-loaded barges to a woodwharf.

1840.  Evid. Hull Docks Comm., 136. I propose what in the neighbourhood of Hull is called *wood-wharfing.

a. 1400.  Alphita (Anecd. Oxon.), 8. Ameos agreste, similis fraxinarie, anglice, *wodewhisgle [v.r. wodewhistle].

1876.  *Wood wind [see WIND sb.¹ 12 b].

1901.  W. J. Henderson, Orchestra, 19. Next in importance to the strings is the woodwind, which is divided into three families—flutes, oboes, and clarinets.

1559.  Morwyng, Evonymus, 323. With a little *wode woul dipte therein rub the teethe.

1885.  [see wood-flour].

1887.  Advance (Chicago), 7 July, 431. In workshops, the wood-wool is even replacing cotton waste for cleaning machinery.

1867.  Morris, Jason, III. 75. All who chanced to know The *woodwright’s craft.

1883.  J. Parker, Tyne Chylde, 6. At a wood-wright’s door, where I stood on a large block of old oak.

  b.  In names of animals, chiefly birds and insects: (i) that live in woods, as wood bee, fly, gnat, hornet, moth; esp. in designations of particular species or groups, as wood Argus (ARGUS 3), dormouse, fly, lady (LADY sb. 9), mite, rattlesnake, red-bird, sandpiper, swift (SWIFT sb.² 4), tattler, tiger (TIGER sb. 11), wagtail (see quots.); wood MOUSE, PEWEE, PIE (sb.¹ 3 b), SWALLOW (sb.¹ 2 b); (ii) that live, bore or burrow in wood; e.g., in local names of species of woodpecker, as wood-jobber, -knacker, -tapper, and in wood-borer, -fretter, -piercer, -sawyer in 10; wood-ant, (a) a large ant, Formica rufa, living in woods; (b) a termite or white ant, which burrows in wood; wood baboon = DRILL sb.³; wood-beetle, a wood-boring beetle; wood bison, wood buffalo, a variety of American bison (Bison bison athabascæ) found in the wooded parts of the west of Canada; wood-bug, an insect of the genus Pentatoma; wood-cat, † (a) a fanciful name for the hare; (b) a wild cat living in woods, spec. the S. American species Felis geoffroyi; wood-cracker dial., the nuthatch, Sitta cæsia; wood-cricket, a species of cricket found in woods, as Nemobius sylvestris; wood-culver = WOOD-PIGEON; wood-deer = wood-goat; wood-digger, a West Indian insect (see quot.); wood-drake, the male of the wood-duck; wood-duck, a species of duck inhabiting woods, esp. the N. American summer duck, Æx sponsa, and the Australian Bernicla jubata; wood-frog, a species of frog found in woods, as the N. American Rana sylvatica; wood-goat, a S. African species of antelope, Antilope sylvatica; wood-grouse, (a) the capercailye Tetrao urogallus (see GROUSE sb. 1); (b) the spotted Canada grouse, Canace (Dendragapus) canadensis, or allied species; wood-ibis, a stork of the subfamily Tantalinæ, esp. Tantalus loculator, which inhabits wooded swamps in southern U.S.; a wood-stork; wood-kingfisher, a name for birds allied to the kingfisher, living in woods: = king-hunter (KING sb. 13 b); wood-leopard (moth), a species of spotted moth (Zeuzera pyrina), the larva of which bores into the wood of trees; wood-owl, any species of owl living in woods, as the tawny or brown owl, Syrnium aluco; wood-partridge = wood-grouse; wood-pelican = wood-ibis; wood-pheasant, (a) = wood-grouse (a); (b) in Zanzibar (see quot. 1892); wood-quail, any bird of the genus Rollulus, of the Malay archipelago; wood-rabbit, the common rabbit of U.S., Lepus sylvaticus, also called cottontail; also, any rabbit living in a wood; wood-rat, any rat of the American genus Neotoma; wood-robin, a local name of the American wood-thrush; wood-shrike, (a) = WOODCHAT; (b) an African shrike of the genus Prionops; wood-shrimp, a crustacean of the family Cheluridæ, as Chelura terebrans, which bores in submerged wood; wood-slave, a West Indian lizard of the species Mabouya; wood-snail, any species of snail inhabiting woods, esp. Helix nemoralis; wood-snake, a snake that lives in woods, as those of the family Dryophidæ; wood-snipe, -snite, names for the woodcock (British or American); wood-star, a name for several species of humming-birds, as those of the genus Calothorax and the Bahama sheartail, Doricha evelynæ; wood-stork = wood-ibis; wood-swine, a swine living in woods; spec. the bosch-vark, a ferocious wild swine of S. and E. Africa; wood-tantalus = wood-ibis; wood-thrush, (a) a species of thrush of the eastern U.S., Turdus (Hylocichla) mustelinus, noted for its beautiful coloration and sweet song; (b) a local name of the missel-thrush, T. viscivorus; wood-tick [TICK sb.¹], a tick of the family Ixodidæ, found upon plants; wood-warbler, (a) the wood-wren, Phylloscopus sibilatrix; (b) a general name for the American warblers (WARBLER 2 b), esp. those of the genus Dendrœca; wood-wasp, (a) a wasp that lives in woods, as Vespa sylvestris; (b) a wasp that burrows in rotten wood, as some species of Crabronidæ, or a wasp-like insect whose larvæ bore in wood, as the horntails; wood-worm, an insect larva or other invertebrate, as the ship-worm (see TEREDO), which bores in wood (also fig.); wood-wren, (a) a species of warbler, Phylloscopus sibilatrix, or its congener the willow-wren, P. trochilus. See also WOODCOCK, etc.

1709.  T. Robinson, Vind. Mosaick Syst., 90. The *Wood-Ant feeds upon Leaves.

1781.  Phil. Trans., LXXI. 140. In the West Indies, [they are called] Wood Lice, Wood Ants, or White Ants.

1889.  J. Bowman, in Hardwicke’s Sci.-Gossip, XXV. 33/1. Length of the wood-ant (F. rufa) three-eighths of an inch.

1781.  Pennant, Hist. Quadrup., I. 176. *Wood Baboon…. Inhabits Guinea.

1398.  Trevisa, Barth. De P. R., XVIII. xii. (Bodl. MS.). Some beþ feelde been and some beþ *wood been.

1609.  C. Butler, Fem. Mon., H 5 b. The wood-pecker … doth more harme to wood-bees then garden-bees.

1795.  Winterbotham, View U.S., IV. 413. *Wood-beetle, Leptura, six species.

1825.  R. T. Gore, Blumenbach’s Nat. Hist., 189–90. Leptura. 1. Aquatica.… The Wood-beetle…. On aquatic plants of all kinds.

1843.  Johnston, in Proc. Berw. Nat. Club, II No. xi. 78. As thoroughly drilled as does a piece of wood that has been eaten with the maggot of the wood-beetles.

1895.  C. W. Whitney, in Harper’s Mag., Dec., 10/2. To hunt *wood-bison, undoubtedly now become the rarest game in the world.

1892.  W. Pike, Barren Ground N. Canada, 143. These animals go by the name of *wood buffalo.

1836.  Redding, Hist. Mod. Wines, iii. (ed. 2), 47. A nauseous odour … from a vast number of *wood bugs which had been … crushed in the [wine] press.

c. 1280.  Names of Hare, in Rel. Ant., I. 133. The frendlese, the *wodecat.

1892.  W. H. Hudson, Nat. La Plata, 15. It is called wood-cat, and … is an intruder from wooded districts north of the pampas.

1898.  Stanley J. Weyman, Shrewsbury, xxvi. Speak, you viper, and don’t stand there glowering like a wood-cat!

1677.  Plot, Oxfordsh., 175. A little Bird, somtimes seen, but oftner heard in the Park at Woodstock, from the noise that it makes, commonly called the *Wood-cracker.

1774.  Goldsmith, Nat. Hist., VII. 350. The *wood-cricket is the most timorous animal in nature.

a. 1100.  Gloss., in Wr.-Wülcker, 131/32. Palumbus, *wudeculfre.

1533.  Elyot, Cast. Helthe (1541), 15. Meates and drynkes makynge good juyce…. Wodde culvers.

1662.  J. Chandler, Van Helmont’s Oriat., 201. Mice, Dormice, and Swine do sooner perish with hunger, than they do eat of a Ring-Dove or Wood-Culver.

1812.  Plumtre, Lichtenstein’s S. Africa, I. 194. Large animals, such as buffalos, *wood-deer (antilope sylvatica).

1838.  W. P. Hunter, trans. Azara’s Nat. Hist. Paraguay, I. 145. Laborde says that his first species is called red deer and wood deer (Cierba roxa y cierba de Bosques) in Cayenne, being always met with in woods.

1756.  P. Browne, Jamaica, 433. The *Wood-Digger. This insect … digs frequently into soft places of timber, where it keeps a throbbing noise, not unlike our death-watches in Europe.

1801.  Shaw, Gen. Zool., II. 166. *Wood Dormouse. Myoxus Dryas.… It is said to be a native of Russia, Georgia, &c. inhabiting woods, &c.

1814.  A. Wilson, Amer. Ornith., VIII. 97. Summer Duck, or *Wood Duck. Anas sponsa.

1847.  Leichhardt, Jrnl., v. 147. The wood-duck (Bernicla jubata) abounded on the larger water-holes.

1827.  Clare, Sheph. Cal., 54. Green *wood-fly, and blossom-haunting bee.

1854.  A. Adams, etc., Man. Nat. Hist., 258. Wood-Flies (Platypezidæ).

1698.  M. Lister, Journ. Paris, 73. Very large *Wood-Frog, with the extremity of the Toes webbed.

1895.  Swettenham, Malay Sketches, 288. The fitful and plaintive croak of a wood-frog.

1882.  Cassell’s Nat. Hist., VI. 77. The *Wood Gnat (Culex nemorosus) frequents woods and does not come into houses.

1785.  G. Forster, trans. Sparrman’s Voy. Cape G. Hope, vii. I. 276. This *wood-goat, or, as it is called, bosch-bok.

1776.  Pennant, Brit. Zool. (ed. 4), I. 223. *Wood Grous…. It inhabits wooded and mountanous countries.

1658.  Rowland, trans. Moufet’s Theat. Ins., 928. The *wood or wilde Hornet (saith Pliny) live in hollow trees all the winter.

1785.  Latham, Gen. Syn. Birds, V. 104. *Wood Ibis…. found in Carolina, and in various parts of South America.

1875–84.  R. B. Sharpe, Layard’s Birds S. Africa, 735. Pseudo-tantalus ibis. African Wood-Ibis.

1856.  Knight’s Eng. Cycl., Nat. Hist., IV. 1276. Zeuzera Æsculi, the *Wood-Leopard, is a rare species, of a white colour, with numerous steel-blue spots.

1854.  A. Adams, etc., Man. Nat. Hist., 277. *Wood-Mites (Orbitidæ).

a. 1678.  Marvell, Appleton Ho., 542. The hewel … Doth from the bark the *wood-moths glean.

1601.  Holland, Pliny, XXX. viii. II. 384. If the seat be galled, it is thought that the ashes of the *wood-Mouse tempered with honey, cureth the same.

1834.  Mary Howitt, in Tait’s Mag., I. 445/2.

1809.  Shaw, Gen. Zool., VII. 253. *Wood Owl…. As the bird seems to be the only British species … more particularly found in woody than in other situations, the title of Wood Owl seems best adapted to its nature.

1772.  Phil. Trans., LXII. 389. *Woodpartridge.

1830.  Galt, Lawrie T., VIII. v. (1849), 370. I heard the wood-partridge drumming on a neighbouring tree,—a muffled hollow sound, which reminded me of the nailing of a coffin.

1754.  Catesby, Carolina, I. pl. 81. Pelicanus Sylvaticus. The *Wood Pelican.

1810.  A. Wilson, Amer. Ornith., II. 81. *Wood Pewee Fly-catcher. Muscicapa rapax.

1705.  trans. Sir J. Ware’s Antiq. Irel., vii. 20. The Cock of the Wood, which Giraldus Cambrensis calls the *Wood Pheasant.

1892.  Frank Finn, in Pall Mall Gaz., 12 Nov., 3/1. What is called the ‘wood-pheasant’ is a big long-tailed bush cuckoo, not a bird for the pot, but justifying his existence by his pleasant note.

1891.  Cent. Dict., s.v. Rollulus, The red-crested *wood-quail is R. cristatus or roulroul. Ibid., *Wood-rabbit.

1902.  Cornish, Naturalist Thames, 73. These wood-rabbits differ in their way of life from those in the open warren outside.

1766.  J. Bartram, Jrnl., 10 Jan., 30. We found a great nest of a *wood-rat, built of long pieces of dry sticks.

1879.  W. L. Lindsay, Mind in Lower Animals, II. xi. 151. The Californian wood-rat.

1802.  Shaw, Gen. Zool., III. 335. *Wood Rattle-Snake. Crotalus Dryinas.

1805.  Mitchell & Miller, Med. Repos., 122. Fire-bird or *wood red-bird with blue wings.

1808.  A. Wilson, Amer. Ornith., I. 29. Wood Thrush. Turdus melodus.… It is called by some the *Wood Robin.

1882.  Garden, 11 Nov., 425/1. The chief bird friend and companion of the wanderer in the New Zealand bush is the wood robin (Petræca albifrons).

1784.  Pennant, Arctic Zool., II. 482. *Wood … Sandpiper…. Tringa Glareola.… Inhabits the moist woods of Sweden.

1824.  [see SANDPIPER 1].

1875–84.  R. B. Sharpe, Layard’s Birds S. Africa, 401. Bradyornis mariquensis. Mariqua *Wood-Shrike.

1725.  Sloane, Jamaica, II. 185. I saw one of these Spiders eat a small lizard call’d a Wood-slave.

1864.  Dasent, in N. Brit. Rev., Dec., 404. The baleful race of woodslave and slippery-back, those hideous brown and yellow lizards of the West Indies.

1831.  Audubon, Ornith. Biog., I. 19. They now and then descend … to pick up a *wood-snail or a beetle.

1865.  Gosse, Land & Sea (1874), 118. The pretty banded wood-snail (Helix nemoralis).

1585.  Higins, Junius’ Nomencl., 75/2. Coluber,… a landsnake or *woodsnake.

1887.  St. James’s Gaz., 14 March, 6/1. It would seem that in times past the *‘woodsnipe’ was considered a stupid bird.

c. 1050.  Voc., in Wr.-Wülcker, 363/27. Cardiolus, *wudusnite.

1655.  Moufet & Bennet, Health’s Improv., xi. 96. There is a kind of Wood-Snite in Devonshire, greater than the common Snite.

1859–62.  Sir J. Richardson, etc., Mus. Nat. Hist. (1868), I. 311. The Short-tailed *Woodstar (Calothorax macrurus) … is one of the most diminutive even in the family of dwarfs, measuring rather less than two inches and a half in length.

1884.  Coues, N. Amer. Birds (ed. 2), 653. American *Wood Stork.

1854.  A. Adams, etc., Man. Nat. Hist., 37. *Wood-Swallows (Artamidæ).

1869.  E. Newman, Brit. Moths, 19. The *Wood Swift (Hepialus sylvinus).

c. 1480.  Henryson, Trial of Fox, 894. The Uild *wod Swyne.

1785.  G. Forster, trans. Sparrman’s Voy. Cape G. Hope, x. II. 23. I saw … a herd of bosch-varkens, or, as they are likewise called, wilde-varkens, (wood-swine, or wild-swine).

1834.  [see bosch-vark s.v. BOSCH¹].

1824.  Stephens, in Shaw’s Gen. Zool., XII. 3. *Wood Tantalus. (Tantalus loculator.)

1852.  Macgillivray, Brit. Birds, IV. 346. Totanus Glareola. *Wood Tatler.

1791.  W. Bartram, Trav. N. & S. Carolina (1792), 179. The shrill tuneful songs of the *wood-thrush!

1812.  Stephens, in Shaw’s Gen. Zool., X. 179. Wood Thrush. (Turdus melodes.)

1841.  W. C. Bryant, Earth’s Children, 11, Wks. 44. Dark maples where the wood-thrush sings.

1668.  Charleton, Onomast., 49. Ricinus … the *Wood Teek, or, Dogs Teek.

1819.  D. B. Warden, Acc. United States, II. 180–1. The wood tick … resembles a bug, and lives upon trees and rushes.

1869.  E. Newman, Brit. Moths, 32. The *Wood Tiger … (Chelonia Plantaginis).

1868.  J. Burroughs, Wake-robin, v. (1884), 207. The well-known golden-crowned thrush (Sciurus aurocapillus) or *wood-wagtail. Ibid., viii. 296 [see WAGTAIL 2 a].

1817.  Stephens, in Shaw’s Gen. Zool., X. 748. *Wood Warbler. (Sylvia Sylvicola.)

1868.  Rep. U.S. Comm. Agric. (1869), 310. The *wood-wasps … are often seen resting on leaves in the sunshine.

1871.  Staveley, Brit. Insects, 203. The second division of the predaceous stinging Hymenoptera, known as Fossores or diggers, consists of the Sand-wasps and Wood-wasps.

1895.  Rider Haggard, Heart of World, x. (1899), 135. Tiny grey flies, wood-wasps, and ants … tormented us with their bites and stings.

1540.  Septem Ling. Dict., D vj. Teredo … a *woodworme.

1607.  B. Barnes, Divils Charter (ed. McKerrow), 1376. Now skelder yee scounderels, skelder you maggot-mungers, you pompions; you wood-wormes, you magatapipicoes.

1725.  Swift, Wood an Insect, 17. An Insect we call a Wood-Worm, That lies in old Wood like a Hare in her Form.

1855.  Browning, Mesmerism, 7. At night, when … the wood-worm picks, And the death-watch ticks.

1792.  T. Lamb in Trans. Linnæan Soc. (1794), II. 245. A New Species of Warbler, called the *Wood Wren…. It … comes with the rest of the summer warblers.

1839.  Macgillivray, Brit. Birds, II. 371. Phyllopneuste Trochilus. The Willow Woodwren.

  c.  In names of plants or their products (usually designating particular species) growing in woods, as wood calamint, fern, germander, horsetail, hyacinth, liverwort, pea, pimpernel, rasp, reed, rose, sedge, violet, etc. (see quots. and CALAMINT, etc.); wood-almond, a West Indian shrub, Hippocratea comosa, producing edible seeds like almonds; wood-anemone, the common wild anemone, A. nemorosa, abundant in woods, and blossoming in early spring; also applied to other species; wood-apple, (a) a wild apple, crab-apple; (b) the fruit of Feronia elephantum, an East Indian gum-yielding tree allied to the orange, or the tree itself; also called elephant-apple; wood betony, the common betony, Stachys Betonica; wood crab = wood-apple (a); wood cranesbill, Geranium sylvaticum, a wild species with light purple flowers; wood-grass, any species of grass growing in woods; wood-lily, † (a) ? the meadow-saffron, Colchicum autumnale; (b) the lily-of-the-valley, Convallaria majalis; (c) the common winter-green, Pyrola minor; (d) any plant of the N. American genus Trillium, grown here as a spring-flowering perennial; † wood-march [OE. wudumerce: see MARCH sb.¹], the common or wood sanicle, Sanicula europæa; † wood-mint, pennyroyal, Mentha Pulegium; † wood-nep [NEP sb.¹ or ²], see quots.; wood nut (tree), the hazel, Corylus avellana; wood-spurge, a species of spurge, Euphorbia amygdaloides, with greenish-yellow flowers; wood strawberry, the common wild strawberry, Fragaria vesca; wood-vetch, any species of vetch growing in woods, esp. Vicia sylvatica, with pink or white flowers streaked with purple; wood-vine, (a) the bryony, Bryonia dioica; (b) yellow wood-vine, a species of mulberry, Morus Calcar-galli. See also main words.

1657.  W. Coles, Adam in Eden, ccxci. The *Wood Anemone or Wind-flower.

1816–20.  T. Green, Univ. Herbal, I. 100. Anemone Ranunculoides; Yellow Wood Anemone.

c. 1000.  Sax. Leechd., II. 190. Ʒesodene *wudu æpla.

1430.  in Engl. Hist. Rev. (1899), July, 514. Ooke, esshe, holyn, wodapiltre and crabtre.

1858.  Simmonds, Dict. Trade, Vellanga, Yelanga, vernacular Indian names for the wood-apple, Feronia Elephantum.

1859.  Miss Pratt, Brit. Grasses, 121. Hordeum sylvaticum (Lyme-grass, or *Wood Barley).

1657.  S. Purchas, Pol. Flying-Ins., I. xv. 92. Bees gather not of flowers which have deep sockets, as … *Wood-bettony.

1747.  Wesley, Prim. Physick (1762), 117. Apply Wood Betony bruised.

1712.  J. James, trans. Le Blond’s Gardening, 152. The Box proper for planting Palisades, is the *Wood-Box.

14[?].  Nom., in Wr.-Wülcker, 715/38. Hec arbitus, *wodcrabtre.

1483.  Cath. Angl., 423/1. A Wodde crab, acroma.

1525.  Grete Herbal, cclxxxiii. (1529), Q ij. Wood crabbes, or wyldynges.

1796.  Withering, Brit. Plants (ed. 3), III. 602. Geranium batrachoides alterum.… *Wood Cranesbill.

1863.  Baring-Gould, Iceland, 214. A hill purpled with wood cranesbill.

1884.  Miller, Plant-n., Aspidium nevadense, Nevada *Wood-fern. Ibid., Polypodium vulgare, Adder’s Fern, Common Polypody,… Wood Fern.

1844.  Whittier, Pumpkin, 26. When *wood-grapes were purpling.

1597.  Gerarde, Herbal, I. vi. *Wood grasse hath many thicke and threadie rootes. Ibid., 8. Gramen sylvaticum … is called in our toong Wood grasse or Shadow grasse.

1881.  Proc. Berw. Nat. Club, IX. No. iii. 475. Listera ovata was plentiful, as well as Calamintha Clinopodium, and several wood-grasses.

1597.  Gerarde, Herbal, II. ccccxlii. 957. *Wood Horse taile.

1871.  Ruskin, Fors Clav., vi. 7. The *wood-hyacinth is the best English representative of the tribe of flowers which the Greeks called ‘Asphodel.’

a. 1400.  Stockholm Med. MS., ii. 517, in Anglia, XVIII. 320. *Wode-lilie with … Blo purpre flowres, no lefe on stele.

1579.  Langham, Gard. Health, 679. Wood-lillie, or Lillie conuaile.

1882.  Garden, 20 May, 352/1. The Virginian Cowslip (Pulmonaria virginica) attains true development in semi-shady spots in rich, moist, peaty soil, and so does the large white Wood Lily (Trillium grandiflorum).

1884.  Miller, Plant-n., Pyrola minor, Common Winter-green, Wood Lily. Ibid., Trillium, American Wood-lily.

c. 1000.  Sax. Leechd., II. 22. Ʒenim … *wudumerce.

c. 1265.  Voc. Plants, in Wr.-Wülcker, 554/8. Saniculum, i. sanicle, i. wudemerch.

a. 1387.  Sinon. Barthol. (Anecd. Oxon.), 38. Sanicula, i. wodemerche.

1597.  Gerarde, Herbal, Suppl., Wood March is Sanickle.

c. 1265.  Voc. Plants, in Wr.-Wülcker, 557/20. Origanum, i. puliol real, i. *wde-minte.

1525.  Grete Herbal, xlviii. (1529), C v b. Ameos, *woodnep, or penywort.

1599.  Gerarde, Catal. in horto, 19. Sison. Wood Nep. Ibid. (1597), Herbal, II. lviii. 279. The later Herbarists haue named this plant Dulcamara, Amarodulcis, and Amaradulcis … we call it Bitter sweete, and *Woodnightshade.

1578.  *Wood Nut tree [see HAZEL¹ 1].

1634.  T. Johnson, Merc. Bot., 24. Astragalus sylvaticus. *Wood-pease, or Heath-pease.

1820.  Hogg, Tales, Bridal of Polmood (1836), II. 82. Gathering *wood-rasps for a delicate preserve.

1816–20.  T. Green, Univ. Herbal, I. 129. Arundo Calamagrostis. *Wood Reed-grass.

c. 1000.  Sax. Leechd., II. 90. Ʒenim *wudu rosan.

1614.  Markham, Cheap Husb., Table Hard Words, Woodrose or wilde-Eglantine.

1705.  trans. Cowley’s Plants, Wks. 1711, III. 363. Nought by Experience than the Wood-Rose found, Better to cure a mad Dog’s poisonous Wound.

1597.  Gerarde, Herbal, I. xvi. 20. *Wood Rushie grasse.

1816–20.  T. Green, Univ. Herbal, I. 256. Carex Sylvatica; *Wood Sedge.

1597.  Gerarde, Herbal, II. cxxxii. 403. Sweete *wood Spurge … Vnsauorie wood Spurge.

1707.  Curios. in Husb. & Gard., 154. Spurges of Different kinds … the Wood-Spurge, the Cipress-Spurge, and the Mirtle-Spurge.

a. 1869.  Rossetti, Songs, Woodspurge, 12. Among those few … The woodspurge flowered, three cups in one.

1731.  Miller, Gard. Dict., Fragaria vulgaris. Common or *Wood-Strawberry.

1766.  Complete Farmer, s.v. Pulse, 6 G 1/2. Dr. Lister … recommends for the improvement of sandy, light ground,… all plants of the … pea kind, and particularly … the *wood vetch.

1813.  Scott, Rokeby, IV. ii. Where profuse the wood-vetch clings Round ash and elm,… Its pale and azure-pencill’d flower Should canopy Titania’s bower.

1861.  Miss Pratt, Flower. Pl., II. 312. This Bryony is commonly called also Wild Vine, or *Wood-vine.

1866.  Treas. Bot., s.v., Woodvine, Yellow, Morus calcar galli.